8. Study bias distribution for serious adverse events using CINeMA.
| Comparison | Number of studies | Within‐study bias | Reporting bias | Indirectness | Imprecision | Heterogeneity | Incoherence | Confidence rating |
| ADA:GUSEL | 3 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ADA:PBO | 9 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ADA:RISAN | 1 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| APRE:ETA | 1 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| APRE:PBO | 7 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| BIME:PBO | 1 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| BRODA:PBO | 5 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| BRODA:USK | 2 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| CERTO:ETA | 1 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| CERTO:PBO | 4 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| CICLO:MTX | 2 | Major concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| CICLO:PBO | 1 | Major concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| ETA:IFX | 1 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ETA:IXE | 2 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ETA:PBO | 13 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ETA:SECU | 1 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ETA:TILDRA | 1 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ETA:TOFA | 1 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ETA:USK | 1 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| FAEs:MTX | 1 | Major concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| FAEs:PBO | 1 | Major concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| GUSEL:IXE | 1 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| GUSEL:PBO | 5 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| IFX:PBO | 6 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| IXE:PBO | 4 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| IXE:USK | 1 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| MIRI:PBO | 2 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| MTX:PBO | 2 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| PBO:RISAN | 4 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| PBO:SECU | 12 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| PBO:TILDRA | 3 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| PBO:TOFA | 7 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| PBO:TYK2 | 1 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| PBO:USK | 11 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| RISAN:SECU | 1 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | Major concerns | Low |
| RISAN:USK | 3 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| SECU:USK | 2 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ADA:APRE | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ADA:BIME | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ADA:BRODA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ADA:CERTO | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ADA:CICLO | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| ADA:ETA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ADA:FAEs | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| ADA:IFX | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ADA:IXE | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ADA:MIRI | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ADA:MTX | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| ADA:SECU | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ADA:TILDRA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ADA:TOFA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ADA:TYK2 | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ADA:USK | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| APRE:BIME | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| APRE:BRODA | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| APRE:CERTO | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| APRE:CICLO | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| APRE:FAEs | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| APRE:GUSEL | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| APRE:IFX | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| APRE:IXE | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| APRE:MIRI | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| APRE:MTX | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| APRE:RISAN | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| APRE:SECU | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| APRE:TILDRA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| APRE:TOFA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| APRE:TYK2 | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| APRE:USK | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| BIME:BRODA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| BIME:CERTO | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| BIME:CICLO | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| BIME:ETA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| BIME:FAEs | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| BIME:GUSEL | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| BIME:IFX | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| BIME:IXE | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| BIME:MIRI | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| BIME:MTX | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| BIME:RISAN | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| BIME:SECU | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| BIME:TILDRA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| BIME:TOFA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| BIME:TYK2 | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| BIME:USK | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| BRODA:CERTO | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| BRODA:CICLO | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| BRODA:ETA | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| BRODA:FAEs | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| BRODA:GUSEL | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| BRODA:IFX | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| BRODA:IXE | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| BRODA:MIRI | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| BRODA:MTX | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| BRODA:RISAN | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| BRODA:SECU | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| BRODA:TILDRA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| BRODA:TOFA | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| BRODA:TYK2 | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| CERTO:CICLO | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| CERTO:FAEs | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| CERTO:GUSEL | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| CERTO:IFX | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| CERTO:IXE | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| CERTO:MIRI | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| CERTO:MTX | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| CERTO:RISAN | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| CERTO:SECU | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| CERTO:TILDRA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| CERTO:TOFA | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| CERTO:TYK2 | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| CERTO:USK | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| CICLO:ETA | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| CICLO:FAEs | 0 | Major concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| CICLO:GUSEL | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| CICLO:IFX | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| CICLO:IXE | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| CICLO:MIRI | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| CICLO:RISAN | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| CICLO:SECU | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| CICLO:TILDRA | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| CICLO:TOFA | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| CICLO:TYK2 | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| CICLO:USK | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| ETA:FAEs | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| ETA:GUSEL | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ETA:MIRI | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ETA:MTX | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| ETA:RISAN | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| ETA:TYK2 | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| FAEs:GUSEL | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| FAEs:IFX | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| FAEs:IXE | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| FAEs:MIRI | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| FAEs:RISAN | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| FAEs:SECU | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| FAEs:TILDRA | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| FAEs:TOFA | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| FAEs:TYK2 | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| FAEs:USK | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| GUSEL:IFX | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| GUSEL:MIRI | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| GUSEL:MTX | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| GUSEL:RISAN | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| GUSEL:SECU | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| GUSEL:TILDRA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| GUSEL:TOFA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| GUSEL:TYK2 | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| GUSEL:USK | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| IFX:IXE | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| IFX:MIRI | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| IFX:MTX | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| IFX:RISAN | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| IFX:SECU | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| IFX:TILDRA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| IFX:TOFA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| IFX:TYK2 | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| IFX:USK | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| IXE:MIRI | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| IXE:MTX | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| IXE:RISAN | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| IXE:SECU | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| IXE:TILDRA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| IXE:TOFA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| IXE:TYK2 | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| MIRI:MTX | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| MIRI:RISAN | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| MIRI:SECU | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| MIRI:TILDRA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| MIRI:TOFA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| MIRI:TYK2 | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| MIRI:USK | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| MTX:RISAN | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| MTX:SECU | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| MTX:TILDRA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| MTX:TOFA | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| MTX:TYK2 | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| MTX:USK | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| RISAN:TILDRA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| RISAN:TOFA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| RISAN:TYK2 | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| SECU:TILDRA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| SECU:TOFA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| SECU:TYK2 | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| TILDRA:TOFA | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| TILDRA:TYK2 | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| TILDRA:USK | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| TOFA:TYK2 | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |
| TOFA:USK | 0 | Some concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Low |
| TYK2:USK | 0 | No concerns | Undetected | No concerns | Major concerns | No concerns | No concerns | Moderate |