Fig. 1. Multiomic technologies facilitate the determination of the virological and immunological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the discovery of biomarkers, and the elucidation of COVID-19 pathogenesis.

With the use of genomic and transcriptomic-based sequencing, virological characteristics, including the genome, transcriptome, and virus-host interactions of SARS-CoV-2, have been elucidated. Moreover, the characteristics of the immune responses and the pathogenesis of COVID-19, especially in association with severe disease, have been extensively characterized. Systemic and tissue-specific immune disorders, such as lymphopenia, cytokine storm, emergency myelopoiesis, peripheral immune paralysis, and lung inflammation, are strongly associated with the manifestations of severe/critical COVID-19, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, coagulation disorders, and lung fibrosis.