Table 1.
Measurements (self-reported questionnaires and interviews) of depression, diabetes distress and diabetes burnout.
| Scales /Questionnaires /Interviews | Population | Items | Subscales, keywords or description | Number (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression (137 studies) | ||||
| Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) [24] | Children | 27 | Anhedonia, Ineffectiveness, Interpersonal problems, Negative mood, Negative self-esteem | 32 (23%) |
| Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) [25] | Adults and children | 20 | Depressed mood, feelings of guilt and worthlessness, feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, psychomotor retardation, loss of appetite, and sleep disturbance | 25 (18%) |
| Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) [26] | Adults and adolescents | 13 or 21 | Sad, discouraged, feeling a failure, dissatisfaction, guilty, punished, disappointed, worse, suicide, cry, irritated, loss of interest, difficulty to make decisions, unattractive, loss of effort, sleep, appetite, lose weight, worried, lost interest in sex | 23 (17%) |
| Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)[27] | Adults | 2, 8 or 9 | Little interest, Feeling down, trouble sleep, tired, appetite, failure, concentration, restless, death | 21 (15%) |
| Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [28] | Adults | 14 | Tense, slowed down, enjoy, frightened, awful, appearance, laugh, restless, worrying, enjoyment, cheerful, panic, relaxed, enjoy things | 15 (11%) |
| Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM [29] | Adults | 8 | Depressed mood, low interest, weight loss, slowing down, fatigue, feeling guilty, difficulty concentrating, suicidal thoughts | 6 (4%) |
| World Health disorganization- Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) [56] | Children and adults | 5 | Cheerful, calm, active and vigorous, fresh, interest | 4 (3%) |
| Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R) [57] | Adults | 90 | Somatization, obsessive-compulsive disorder, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism | 4 (3%) |
| ICD codes [49] | Adults | – | 3 (2%) | |
| Global Severity Index (GSI-depression subscale) [58] | Adults | 53 | Somatization, obsessive-compulsive disorder, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism | 2 (1%) |
| Major Depression Inventory (MDI) [59] | Adults | 12 | Sad, loss of interest, lack of energy, less-self-confident, guilty, worth, restless, concentration, slow-down, sleep, increased or decreased appetite | 2 (1%) |
| Psychological General Well-Being Index (PGWB) (depression subscale) [60] | Adults | 22 | Anxiety, Depression, Positive well-being, Self-control, General health, Vitality | 2 (1%) |
| Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview [61] | Adults | 17 | – | 2 (1%) |
| Depression Self-Rating Scale of Children (DSRS) [62] | Children | 18 | Look forward, sleep well, crying, go out to play, running, tummy aches, energy, enjoy food, stick up, worth, good, enjoy things, talk, bad dreams, cheered up sad bored | 1 (1%) |
| Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) [63] | Children | 137 | Evaluates behavior and emotional status. | 1 (1%) |
| Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Expanded Form (PANAS-X) [64] | Adults | 60 | Fear, hostility guilt, sadness | 1 (1%) |
| Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS) [65] | Adults | 20 | Suicidality, Lassitude, Insomnia, Appetite Loss, Appetite Gain, Ill Temper, Well-Being, Panic, Social Anxiety, and Traumatic Intrusions | 1 (1%) |
| Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) [66] | Children | 33 or 13 | Unhappy, don't enjoy, tired, restless, no good, cry, hart to concentrate, hate him-herself, bad person, nobody love. | 1 (1%) |
| Well-Being Questionnaire (WBQ) [67] | Adults | 22 | Depression, anxiety, energy, positive well-being | 1 (1%) |
| Diabetes distress (90 studies) | ||||
| Problem Areas in Diabetes Questionnaire (PAID) [30] | Adults, adolescents and children | 20 (PAID adults), 26 (PAID-T adolescents), 11 (PAID-C children), and short version 5 (PAID-5) | Not having concrete goals, discouraged, scared, uncomfortable in social situations, deprivation, depressed, overwhelmed, worrying about hypoglycaemia, angry, concerned, worrying about the future, guilty, anxiety, not acceptation, dissatisfaction, lack of energy, alone, lack of support, coping with complications, burned-out | 51 (57%) |
| Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS) [31] | Adults, adolescents and children | 28 (DDS-T1) or 17 (DDS) | Emotional Burden, Physician Distress, Regimen Distress, Emotional Distress | 36 (40%) |
| Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress–Revised (OSBD–R) [68] | Children | 8 | Crying, screaming, restraining, verbal resistance and information seeking, solicitation of emotional support, verbal pain expression and flail. | 1 (1%) |
| Kessler Psychological Distress (K6) [69] | Adults | 6 | Nervous, hopeless, restless or fidgety, depressed, everything was an effort | 1 (1%) |
| Fragebogen zu Alltagsbelastungen bei Diabetes (FBD) [70] | Adults | 45 | Everyday stress, emotions, cognition and behavior | 1 (1%) |
| Diabetes burnout (9 studies) | ||||
| Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS), exhaustion subscale [32] | Adults | 9 | Being overextended and exhausted by one's work | 3 (33%) |
| Diabetes Burnout Scale (DBS) [33] | Adults | 18 or 12 | Mentally tired, drained, emotionally exhausted, minimum to survive, ignore diabetes, out of control | 2 (22%) |
| Illness Identity Questionnaire (IIQ) [34] | Adults | 25 | Engulfment, rejection, acceptance, enrichment | 1 (11%) |
| Motivation and Attitude Toward Changing Health (MATCH) [35] | Adults | 9 | Managing health problems, take care, putting energy, benefit, make changes, able to fit tasks | 1 (11%) |
| Diabetes Empowerment Scale-Short Form (DES-SF) [36] | Adults | 28 | Managing the psychosocial aspects of diabetes, assessing dissatisfaction and readiness to change, and setting and achieving goals | 1 (11%) |