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. 2021 Sep 1;25:323. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03744-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Boxplots displaying the median (centre line), IQR (outer limits of box), upper and lower limits (whiskers) and outlier observations (dots) for VAP incidence from groups with > 50% receiving MV where the identified microbe is Pseudomonas (a), Staphylococcus aureus (b), Acinetobacter (c) or Candida species (d) [data from between 113 and 191 studies (catalogued in [24–27]). The overall benchmark (vertical green line) is the median derived from observational groups (green). Non-AB study is studies of non-antibiotic-based methods of infection prevention; TAP is topical antibiotic prophylaxis. Of note, the benchmark incidence for Pseudomonas VAP here (4.7 per 100 patients) is similar to that in a multi-centre survey [28]. The vertical blue lines are the Pseudomonas VAP incidence observed in ICU’s in Europe (4.8%), the USA (3.4%) and the Asia–pacific regions (3.2%) in the multi-centre survey [28]