Fig. 4.

TMAO activates the PERK/elF2α/Chop/ERO1-α pathway. (A) Effect of 1 h preincubation with TMAO (250 μM) on the phosphorylation of PERK in Af. (B–C) The levels of p-PERK, PERK, p-elF2α, elF2α, CHOP and ERO1-α were detected by western blotting after incubation of mouse vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) with various concentrations of TMAO for 24 h or a fixed concentration of TMAO (100 μM) for different time periods (n = 3; *P < 0.05 vs 0). Statistical differences were calculated by one-way ANOVA followed by Turkey's post hoc test (B–C).