Fig. 6.

Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is involved in regulating the effect of TMAO on Ang II-induced pressor response and vasoconstriction. (A–B) The changes of Ang II-induced pressor response and vasoconstriction in the continuous presence of CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 or KN-93 + TMAO (n = 4). (C–D) The levels of Ox-CaMKII, p-CaMKII and CaMKII were detected by western blotting after incubation of VSMC with various concentrations of TMAO for 24 h or a fixed concentration of TMAO (100 μM) for different time periods (n = 3; *P < 0.05 vs 0). Statistical differences were determined by two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post hoc test (A–B), one-way ANOVA followed by Turkey's post hoc test (C–D). 1st, First Application; 2nd, Second Application; GSK, GSK2606414.