FIGURE 1.

Heat map for the associations of choline and related metabolites with cardiometabolic biomarkers. Linear regression coefficients (β) were adjusted for age; sex; ethnicity; fasting time; education; obesity; central obesity; smoking status; alcohol drinking; physical activity level; use of multivitamins; menopausal status and hormone therapy in women; intakes of red meat, eggs, and fish; and history of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. βs indicate the increase or decrease in SD units of choline, betaine, carnitine, and DMG on the log scale. Statistical significance is indicated by false discovery rate–adjusted P values (Q values) <0.05. CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DMG, dimethylglycine; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; SBP, systolic blood pressure.