TABLE 2.
Relative risk (95% CI) of GDM1 by quartiles of AHEI, AMED, and DASH, NICHD Fetal Growth Studies–Singletons
| Dietary patterns | GW | Models | Total | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AHEI | 8–132 | Case/Obs. | 72/1483 | 20/362 | 16/375 | 18/369 | 18/377 | |
| Model 14 | 1.00 | 0.71 (0.37, 1.34) | 0.68 (0.37, 1.27) | 0.58 (0.31, 1.09) | 0.10 | |||
| Model 25 | 1.00 | 0.49 (0.26, 0.92) | 0.51 (0.28, 0.95) | 0.60 (0.31, 1.16) | 0.17 | |||
| 16–223 | Case/Obs. | 77/1648 | 24/416 | 21/404 | 21/408 | 11/420 | ||
| Model 14 | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.44, 1.37) | 0.71 (0.40, 1.25) | 0.32 (0.16, 0.64) | 0.001 | |||
| Model 25 | 1.00 | 0.69 (0.40, 1.20) | 0.68 (0.38, 1.21) | 0.32 (0.16, 0.66) | 0.002 | |||
| AMED | 8–132 | Case/Obs. | 72/1483 | 13/324 | 34/573 | 15/269 | 10/317 | |
| Model 14 | 1.00 | 1.33 (0.72, 2.48) | 1.13 (0.55, 2.32) | 0.58 (0.26, 1.30) | 0.23 | |||
| Model 25 | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.60, 2.14) | 1.00 (0.46, 2.15) | 0.61 (0.25, 1.48) | 0.33 | |||
| 16–223 | Case/Obs. | 77/1648 | 29/442 | 17/403 | 15/375 | 16/428 | ||
| Model 14 | 1.00 | 0.61 (0.34, 1.09) | 0.54 (0.29, 0.99) | 0.46 (0.25, 0.83) | 0.008 | |||
| Model 25 | 1.00 | 0.58 (0.32, 1.06) | 0.46 (0.23, 0.90) | 0.61 (0.33, 1.15) | 0.15 | |||
| DASH | 8–132 | Case/Obs. | 72/1483 | 13/330 | 26/467 | 21/357 | 12/329 | |
| Model 14 | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.59, 2.18) | 1.13 (0.57, 2.22) | 0.61 (0.28, 1.33) | 0.21 | |||
| Model 25 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.55, 1.97) | 1.01 (0.52, 1.96) | 0.71 (0.32, 1.56) | 0.42 | |||
| 16–223 | Case/Obs. | 77/1648 | 20/375 | 23/489 | 15/386 | 19/398 | ||
| Model 14 | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.42, 1.36) | 0.56 (0.29, 1.08) | 0.63 (0.34, 1.17) | 0.11 | |||
| Model 25 | 1.00 | 0.58 (0.32, 1.06) | 0.46 (0.23, 0.90) | 0.61 (0.33, 1.15) | 0.15 |
Models included all women without GDM and women with GDM who were diagnosed after the dietary assessment at respective visits.
At this GW interval, AHEI, AMED, and DASH scores were estimated using self-reported diet in the past 3 months assessed by FFQ.
At this GW interval, AHEI, AMED, and DASH scores were estimated based on Automated Self-Administered 24-h dietary recall.
Log-binomial regression models adjusted for maternal age (y).
Log-binomial regression models adjusted for maternal age (y), race (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, Asian), education (<high school, high school, some college, Bachelor, Graduate), marriage/cohabiting (yes, no), nulliparity (yes, no), pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), family history of diabetes (yes, no), light to vigorous physical activities (MET-h/wk), sleep durations (5–6, 7, 8–9, 10+ h/d), and total energy intake (kcal/d).
AHEI, alternate Healthy Eating Index; AMED, alternate Mediterranean diet; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; GDM, gestational diabetes; GW, gestational week; NICHD, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.