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. 2021 Jun 2;114(3):1229–1237. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab145

TABLE 3.

Relative risk (95% CI) of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy by quartiles of AHEI, AMED, and DASH, NICHD Fetal Growth Studies–Singletons

Dietary patterns GW Models Total Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 P-trend
Gestational hypertension1
AHEI 8–132 Case/Obs. 55/1505 25/374 13/375 12/374 5/382
Model 14 1.00 0.54 (0.28, 1.04) 0.53 (0.27, 1.06) 0.23 (0.09, 0.61) 0.002
Model 25 1.00 0.59 (0.30, 1.15) 0.71 (0.35, 1.46) 0.38 (0.14, 1.04) 0.06
A Case/Obs. 57/1682 18/416 15/419 14/413 10/434
Model 14 1.00 0.87 (0.44, 1.70) 0.85 (0.42, 1.70) 0.61 (0.28, 1.34) 0.23
Model 25 1.00 0.91 (0.47, 1.79) 0.91 (0.46, 1.82) 0.77 (0.34, 1.72) 0.54
24–293 Case/Obs. 58/1652 20/411 18/413 9/407 11/421
Model 14 1.00 0.95 (0.51, 1.77) 0.51 (0.23, 1.12) 0.65 (0.30, 1.38) 0.13
Model 25 1.00 0.92 (0.49, 1.71) 0.48 (0.21, 1.06) 0.80 (0.36, 1.77) 0.27
AMED 8–132 Case/Obs. 55/1505 18/333 26/580 5/273 6/319
Model 14 1.00 0.88 (0.49, 1.59) 0.38 (0.14, 1.02) 0.41 (0.16, 1.04) 0.02
Model 25 1.00 0.86 (0.47, 1.59) 0.40 (0.14, 1.12) 0.47 (0.18, 1.28) 0.08
16–223 Case/Obs. 57/1682 18/447 19/419 11/380 9/436
Model 14 1.00 1.15 (0.61, 2.17) 0.76 (0.36, 1.59) 0.56 (0.25, 1.26) 0.11
Model 25 1.00 1.13 (0.60, 2.10) 0.81 (0.39, 1.70) 0.71 (0.31, 1.61) 0.32
24–293 Case/Obs. 58/1652 17/429 15/407 14/399 12/417
Model 14 1.00 0.98 (0.49, 1.93) 1.00 (0.49, 2.01) 0.86 (0.41, 1.80) 0.73
Model 25 1.00 1.03 (0.52, 2.03) 1.12 (0.55, 2.27) 1.09 (0.51, 2.35) 0.77
DASH 8–132 Case/Obs. 55/1505 22/333 22/478 5/358 6/336
Model 14 1.00 0.75 (0.42, 1.35) 0.23 (0.09, 0.62) 0.32 (0.13, 0.80) 0.001
Model 25 1.00 0.91 (0.51, 1.60) 0.33 (0.12, 0.88) 0.45 (0.17, 1.17) 0.04
16–223 Case/Obs. 57/1682 21/378 18/501 15/399 3/404
Model 14 1.00 0.67 (0.36, 1.24) 0.72 (0.37, 1.39) 0.15 (0.04, 0.49) 0.002
Model 25 1.00 0.82 (0.43, 1.56) 0.79 (0.40, 1.58) 0.19 (0.05, 0.65) 0.01
24–293 Case/Obs. 58/1652 17/368 19/486 13/399 9/399
Model 14 1.00 0.94 (0.49, 1.79) 0.83 (0.40, 1.73) 0.60 (0.26, 1.37) 0.23
Model 25 1.00 0.97 (0.50, 1.86) 1.06 (0.49, 2.29) 0.82 (0.34, 1.96) 0.75
Preeclampsia6
AHEI 8–132 Case/Obs. 52/1502 16/365 16/378 13/375 7/384
Model 14 1.00 1.01 (0.51, 2.00) 0.89 (0.43, 1.85) 0.50 (0.20, 1.25) 0.16
Model 25 1.00 1.24 (0.61, 2.51) 1.14 (0.53, 2.43) 0.77 (0.30, 2.00) 0.71
16–223 Case/Obs. 60/1685 20/418 15/419 21/420 4/428
Model 14 1.00 0.79 (0.41, 1.53) 1.16 (0.63, 2.12) 0.23 (0.08, 0.69) 0.03
Model 25 1.00 0.83 (0.43, 1.60) 1.22 (0.66, 2.24) 0.26 (0.09, 0.78) 0.07
24–293 Case/Obs. 55/1649 19/410 16/411 14/412 6/416
Model 14 1.00 0.88 (0.46, 1.70) 0.82 (0.41, 1.63) 0.37 (0.14, 0.95) 0.05
Model 25 1.00 0.85 (0.44, 1.63) 0.69 (0.34, 1.41) 0.31 (0.11, 0.87) 0.03
AMED 8–132 Case/Obs. 52/1502 13/328 23/577 9/277 7/320
Model 14 1.00 1.07 (0.55, 2.09) 0.92 (0.40, 2.14) 0.65 (0.26, 1.65) 0.44
Model 25 1.00 1.09 (0.54, 2.21) 0.93 (0.38, 2.30) 0.68 (0.25, 1.85) 0.53
16–223 Case/Obs. 60/1685 25/454 7/407 15/384 13/440
Model 14 1.00 0.33 (0.14, 0.75) 0.77 (0.41, 1.45) 0.63 (0.32, 1.22) 0.31
Model 25 1.00 0.30 (0.13, 0.69) 0.77 (0.41, 1.45) 0.67 (0.34, 1.32) 0.43
24–293 Case/Obs. 55/1649 19/431 15/407 14/399 7/412
Model 14 1.00 0.87 (0.45, 1.69) 0.88 (0.45, 1.75) 0.45 (0.19, 1.07) 0.10
Model 25 1.00 0.91 (0.47, 1.75) 1.02 (0.51, 2.04) 0.47 (0.18, 1.21) 0.22
DASH 8–132 Case/Obs. 52/1502 15/326 16/472 14/367 7/337
Model 14 1.00 0.81 (0.40, 1.63) 0.95 (0.46, 1.96) 0.56 (0.22, 1.40) 0.31
Model 25 1.00 0.99 (0.49, 2.02) 1.27 (0.59, 2.74) 0.72 (0.28, 1.89) 0.75
16–223 Case/Obs. 60/1685 21/378 18/501 6/390 15/416
Model 14 1.00 0.70 (0.38, 1.30) 0.32 (0.13, 0.79) 0.79 (0.40, 1.56) 0.26
Model 25 1.00 0.77 (0.41, 1.45) 0.33 (0.13, 0.83) 0.94 (0.45, 1.96) 0.50
24–293 Case/Obs. 55/1649 17/368 16/483 14/400 8/398
Model 14 1.00 0.80 (0.40, 1.57) 0.90 (0.44, 1.84) 0.54 (0.23, 1.27) 0.21
Model 25 1.00 0.70 (0.35, 1.41) 0.82 (0.39, 1.73) 0.56 (0.23, 1.38) 0.25
1

Models included all normotensive women (i.e., without preeclampsia or gestational hypertension) and women with gestational hypertension.

2

At this GW interval, AHEI, AMED, and DASH scores were estimated using self-reported diet in the past 3 months assessed by FFQ.

3

At this GW interval, AHEI, AMED, and DASH scores were estimated based on Automated Self-Administered 24-h dietary recall.

4

Log-binomial regression models adjusted for maternal age (y).

5

Log-binomial regression models adjusted for maternal age (y), race (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, Asian), education (<high school, high school, some college, Bachelor, Graduate), marriage/cohabiting (yes, no), nulliparity (yes, no), pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), family history of diabetes (yes, no), light to vigorous physical activities (MET-h/wk), sleep durations (5–6, 7, 8–9, 10+ h/d), and total energy intake (kcal/d).

6

Models included all normotensive women (i.e., without preeclampsia or gestational hypertension) and women with preeclampsia.

AHEI, alternate Healthy Eating Index; AMED, alternate Mediterranean diet; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; GW, gestational week; NICHD, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.