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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Circ J. 2016 May 6;80(6):1278–1284. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-16-0317

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiovascular disease (CVD). (A) Effects on molecules in CVD. Oxidation of lipids and DNA results in cell death or dysfunction and might exacerbate CVD. On the other hand, oxidative protein modification can change protein function and its effects on CVD remain unclear. (B) Effects of ROS and antioxidants on ischemic CVD. Effects of ROS on cells depend on their levels. High levels of ROS induce cell death and increase necrosis; therefore, antioxidants can decrease infarct area in myocardial infarction or stroke. However, intermediate levels of ROS can induce angiogenic signaling. Therefore, antioxidants may impair angiogenesis after ischemia.