Table 2.
Characteristics of the stud y sample by type of prescription medication used extra-medically for sleep, and factors associated with type of prescription medication used extra-medically for sleep among the selected sample, National Survey of Drug Use and Health, 2015–2018.
| Sedatives and/or Tranquilizers - only | Prescription pain relievers - only | Sedatives, tranquilizers and Prescription pain relievers | Sedatives and/or Tranquilizers - only vs. Prescription pain relievers - only | Sedatives and/or Tranquilizers - only vs. Sedatives, tranquilizers and Prescription pain relievers | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | 95%CI | % | 95%CI | % | 95%CI | RRR | 95% CI | aRRR | 95% CI | RRR | 95% CI | aRRR | 95% CI | |
| Gender | ||||||||||||||
| Female | 55.9 | 53.1, 58.7 | 55.3 | 51.2, 59.0 | 49.5 | 42.6, 56.3 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Male | 44.1 | 44.7, 50.6 | 44.7 | 40.6, 48.8 | 50.5 | 43.7, 57.4 | 1.0 | 0.8, 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.9, 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.9, 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.9, 1.8 |
| Age | ||||||||||||||
| 12 to 17 | ||||||||||||||
| 18 to 25 | 21.3 | 19.3, 23.3 | 24.4 | 21.6, 27.4 | 32.2 | 26.1, 39.0 | 1.3 | 1.0, 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.0, 2.1 | 2.6 | 1.5, 4.5 | 1.5 | 0.8, 2.8 |
| 26 to 34 | 23.7 | 21.5, 26.2 | 24.6 | 21.3, 28.3 | 23.5 | 18.4, 29.5 | 1.2 | 0.9, 1.6 | 1.3 | 0.9, 1.9 | 1.7 | 0.9, 3.1 | 1.2 | 0.6, 2.4 |
| 35 to 49 | 23.1 | 21.0, 25.4 | 22.8 | 20.2, 25.6 | 25.6 | 20.4, 31.6 | 1.1 | 0.9, 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.9, 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.1, 3.4 | 1.6 | 0.8, 2.9 |
| 50+ | 31.9 | 28.8, 35.3 | 28.2 | 23.5, 33.5 | 18.7 | 11.8, 28.3 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Self-identified race-ethnicity | ||||||||||||||
| Non- Hispanic Whites | 79.8 | 77.1, 82.1 | 69.7 | 65.4, 73.6 | 76.1 | 68.4, 82.4 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Non- Hispanic Blacks | 4.5 | 3.6, 5.6 | 12.8 | 10.2, 16.0 | 7.9 | 5.5, 11.1 | 3.2 | 2.3, 4.6 | 3.1 | 2.1, 4.5 | 1.8 | 1.1, 2.9 | 1.9 | 1.2, 3.1 |
| Hispanics | 11.6 | 9.7, 13.8 | 11.1 | 9.2, 13.4 | 8.9 | 5.5, 14.2 | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.5 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.5 |
| Non-Hispanic Others | 4.1 | 3.1, 5.5 | 6.4 | 4.5, 8.9 | 7.1 | 4.2, 11.9 | 1.8 | 1.0, 3.0 | 1.6 | 0.9, 2.8 | 1.8 | 1.0, 3.3 | 1.6 | 0.9, 2.9 |
| Population density in area of residence | ||||||||||||||
| Rural | 3.4 | 2.4, 4.6 | 5.2 | 3.9, 7.0 | 8.0 | 5.0, 12.6 | 1.5 | 0.9, 2.4 | 1.5 | 0.9, 2.5 | 2.9 | 1.6, 5.4 | 3.2 | 1.6, 6.1 |
| Small metropolitan | 40.8 | 37.1, 44.5 | 35.2 | 31.4, 39.2 | 45.9 | 39.1, 52.9 | 0.8 | 0.6, 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.6, 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.0, 1.9 | 1.4 | 0.9, 2.0 |
| Large metropolitan | 55.8 | 52.2, 59.6 | 59.6 | 55.4, 63.5 | 46.1 | 39.5, 52.8 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Poverty level | ||||||||||||||
| Living in poverty | 13.2 | 11.5, 14.9 | 19.2 | 16.4, 22.3 | 19.7 | 14.9, 25.8 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Income up to 2 times federal poverty threshold | 19.1 | 17.0, 21. | 19.3 | 16.6, 22.4 | 21.2 | 15.8, 27.9 | 0.7 | 0.5, 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.5, 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.4 |
| Income more than 2 times federal poverty threshold | 67.6 | 65.0, 70.0 | 61.0 | 57.7, 64.4 | 58.2 | 51.7, 64.3 | 0.6 | 0.5, 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6, 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.4, 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.3 |
| Health insurance coverage | ||||||||||||||
| No | 13.3 | 11.6, 15.2 | 12.6 | 10.4, 15.2 | 16.6 | 11.7, 22.8 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Yes | 86.7 | 84.8, 88.4 | 87.4 | 84.8, 89.6 | 83.4 | 77.2, 88.3 | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.9, 1.5 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.7 |
| Past 12-months serious psychological distress | ||||||||||||||
| No | 66.6 | 63.9, 69.2 | 60.1 | 56.2, 63.8 | 49.5 | 42.0, 57.1 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Yes | 33.4 | 30.8, 36.1 | 40.0 | 36.3, 43.8 | 50.5 | 42.9, 57.9 | 1.3 | 1.1, 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.1, 1.6 | 2.0 | 1.5, 2.8 | 1.7 | 1.1, 2.6 |
| Self-reported health status | ||||||||||||||
| Excellent/good | 85.0 | 82.9, 86.9 | 79.3 | 74.6, 83.3 | 81.9 | 76.0, 86.6 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Fair/Poor | 14.9 | 13.1, 17.1 | 20.7 | 16.7, 25.4 | 18.1 | 13.4, 23.9 | 1.5 | 1.1, 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.1, 2.1 | 1.3 | 0.8, 1.9 | 1.2 | 0.8, 1.9 |
| Past 12-months tobacco use | ||||||||||||||
| No use | 42.3 | 38.7, 46.0 | 45.3 | 40.7, 49.9 | 28.8 | 22.4, 36.2 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Use, no evidence of use disorder | 36.3 | 33.5, 39.2 | 31.0 | 27.3, 35.1 | 43.7 | 36.7, 51.0 | 0.8 | 0.6, 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.5, 0.8 | 1.8 | 1.2, 2.6 | 1.0 | 0.7, 1.6 |
| Nicotine dependence | 21.4 | 18.8, 24.3 | 23.7 | 20.5, 27.4 | 27.5 | 20.5, 35.7 | 1.0 | 0.8, 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.2 | 1.9 | 1.1, 3.1 | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.6 |
| Past 12-months alcohol use | ||||||||||||||
| No use | 14.2 | 11.7, 17.0 | 13.2 | 10.2, 16.8 | 8.4 | 4.9, 14.0 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Use, no evidence of use disorder | 62.7 | 59.4, 66.0 | 60.1 | 55.1, 64.9 | 57.7 | 49.5, 65.5 | 1.0 | 0.8, 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.8, 1.6 | 1.5 | 0.8, 2.9 | 1.6 | 0.8, 3.1 |
| Alcohol abuse or dependence | 23.1 | 20.3, 26.2 | 26.7 | 22.4, 31.5 | 33.9 | 28.1, 40.2 | 1.2 | 0.9, 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.0, 2.2 | 2.5 | 1.4, 4.3 | 2.0 | 1.1, 3.7 |
| Past 12-months cannabis use | ||||||||||||||
| No use | 51.1 | 47.9, 54.1 | 49.8 | 45.1, 54.6 | 34.8 | 28.6, 41.5 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Use, no evidence of use disorder | 39.6 | 36.5, 42.8 | 41.4 | 36.8, 46.2 | 49.1 | 42.9, 55.3 | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.3, 2.6 | 1.3 | 0.9, 1.9 |
| Cannabis abuse or dependence | 9.3 | 7.9, 10.9 | 8.8 | 7.0, 11.0 | 16.1 | 12.6, 20.4 | 1.0 | 0.7, 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.3 | 2.5 | 1.7, 3.8 | 1.3 | 0.9, 2.1 |
| Past 12-months use of other drugs | ||||||||||||||
| No | 72.4 | 69.1, 75.4 | 75.8 | 72.2, 79.1 | 56.0 | 49.4, 62.5 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Use, no evidence of use disorder | 11.6 | 9.6, 13.9 | 11.2 | 8.5, 14.5 | 13.9 | 10.1, 18.8 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.0, 2.3 | 1.3 | 0.8, 1.9 |
| Abuse or dependence | 16.0 | 13.9, 18.4 | 13.0 | 10.4, 16.1 | 30.1 | 25.1, 35.6 | 0.8 | 0.6, 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.5, 0.9 | 2.4 | 1.8, 3.3 | 1.6 | 1.1, 2.2 |
| Year of survey | ||||||||||||||
| 2015 | 24.9 | 22.5, 27.7 | 28.4 | 24.3, 32.9 | 26.4 | 20.4, 33.3 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| 2016 | 27.4 | 24.4, 30.6 | 24.3 | 21.0, 27.9 | 25.1 | 18.2, 33.6 | 0.8 | 0.6, 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.6, 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.3 |
| 2017 | 24.7 | 22.2, 27.4 | 24.4 | 20.7, 28.4 | 27.0 | 19.9, 35.6 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.6 | 1.0 | 0.7, 1.6 |
| 2018 | 23.0 | 20.8, 25.3 | 22.9 | 19.4, 26.8 | 21.5 | 15.3, 29.4 | 0.9 | 0.7, 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.5, 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.5 |
Notes: RRR = Relative Risk Ratio; aRRR = adjusted Relative Risk Ratio.