Table 3.
Characteristics of the stud y sample by reason for last extra-medical use of prescription medications, and factors associated with reason for last extra-medical use of prescription medications among the selected sample, National Survey of Drug Use and Health, 2015–2018.
| Sleep - only | Sleep and recreational | Reason for use (sleep - only reference) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | 95%CI | % | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | AOR | 95% CI | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 58.1 | 55.1, 61.1 | 47.7 | 44.2, 51.2 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Male | 41.9 | 38.9, 44.9 | 52.3 | 48.8, 55.9 | 1.5 | 1.2, 1.9 | 1.3 | 1.0, 1.6 |
| Age | ||||||||
| 12 to 17 | ||||||||
| 18 to 25 | 17.2 | 15.8, 18.8 | 38.0 | 34.7, 41.5 | 6.2 | 4.3, 8.9 | 2.8 | 1.8, 4.4 |
| 26 to 34 | 22.2 | 20.0, 24.5 | 28.6 | 25.7, 31.7 | 3.6 | 2.6, 5.1 | 2.1 | 1.39, 3.2 |
| 35 to 49 | 24.3 | 22.3, 26.5 | 20.5 | 17.1, 24.0 | 2.4 | 1.6, 3.6 | 1.7 | 1.06, 2.8 |
| 50+ | 36.3 | 32.9, 39.7 | 12.9 | 9.4, 17.5 | Ref | |||
| Self-identified race-ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non- Hispanic Whites | 75.8 | 72.9, 78.4 | 78.0 | 75.0, 80.8 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Non- Hispanic Blacks | 7.8 | 6.5, 9.3 | 6.1 | 4.8, 7.8 | 0.8 | 0.6, 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.4, 0.8 |
| Hispanics | 11.4 | 9.8, 13.4 | 10.7 | 8.5, 13.4 | 0.9 | 0.7, 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.6, 1.1 |
| Non-Hispanic others | 5.0 | 3.9, 6.4 | 5.2 | 3.8, 7.1 | 1.0 | 0.7, 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.4, 1.0 |
| Population density in area of residence | ||||||||
| Rural | 4.6 | 3.7, 5.8 | 3.6 | 2.6, 5.0 | 0.3 | 0.5, 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.3, 0.9 |
| Small metropolitan | 39.9 | 36.8, 43.1 | 38.7 | 35.0, 42.6 | 1.3 | 0.8, 1.9 | 0.9 | 0.7, 1.1 |
| Large metropolitan | 55.5 | 52.3, 57.6 | 57.7 | 53.8, 61.5 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Poverty level | ||||||||
| Living in poverty | 13.7 | 12.2, 15.2 | 20.4 | 17.4, 23.7 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Income up to 2 times federal poverty threshold | 18.8 | 16.9, 20.8 | 20.7 | 17.6, 24.2 | 0.7 | 0.5, 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.1 |
| Income more than 2 times federal poverty threshold | 67.3 | 65.2, 69.4 | 58.4 | 54.4, 62.2 | 0.6 | 0.5, 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.6, 1.2 |
| Health insurance coverage | ||||||||
| No | 12.0 | 10.4, 13.9 | 16.8 | 14.2, 19.8 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 88.0 | 86.1, 89.6 | 83.2 | 80.2, 85.8 | 0.7 | 0.5, 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.9, 1.7 |
| Past 12-months serious psychological distress | ||||||||
| No | 68.9 | 66.5, 71.2 | 48.6 | 44.6, 52.6 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 31.1 | 28.8, 33.5 | 51.4 | 47.4, 55.4 | 2.3 | 1.9, 2.8 | 1.7 | 1.3, 2.2 |
| Self-reported health status | ||||||||
| Excellent/Good | 82.6 | 79.91 85.0 | 84.0 | 80.5, 87.0 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Fair/Poor | 17.4 | 15.0, 20.1 | 16.0 | 13.0, 19.5 | 0.9 | 0.7, 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.5, 1.1 |
| Missing | ||||||||
| Past 12-months tobacco use | ||||||||
| No use | 50.3 | 46.9, 53.6 | 21.1 | 17.9, 24.6 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Use, no evidence of use disorder | 31.0 | 28.3, 33.8 | 46.4 | 43.2, 49.8 | 3.6 | 2.8, 4.6 | 1.7 | 1.2, 2.2 |
| Nicotine dependence | 18.7 | 16.4, 21.4 | 32.5 | 29.5, 35.7 | 4.1 | 3.1, 5.5 | 1.9 | 1.4, 2.8 |
| Past 12-months alcohol use | ||||||||
| No use | 13.5 | 11.3, 16.1 | 12.9 | 9.9, 16.7 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Use, no evidence of use disorder | 65.8 | 62.7, 68.9 | 50.6 | 46.2, 54.9 | 0.8 | 0.6, 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.3, 0.7 |
| Alcohol abuse or dependence | 20.7 | 18.0, 23.6 | 36.5 | 32.8, 40.4 | 1.8 | 1.3, 2.7 | 0.6 | 0.4, 1.0 |
| Past 12-months cannabis use | ||||||||
| No use | 57.9 | 54.9, 60.8 | 27.4 | 23.7, 31.4 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Use, no evidence of use disorder | 35.9 | 33.2, 38.8 | 53.8 | 49.4, 58.1 | 3.2 | 2.4, 4.1 | 1.5 | 1.1, 1.9 |
| Cannabis abuse or dependence | 6.2 | 5.3, 7.2 | 18.8 | 15.6, 22.4 | 6.4 | 4.8, 8.5 | 1.9 | 1.2, 2.8 |
| Past 12-months use of other drugs | ||||||||
| No use | 82.8 | 80.8, 85.0 | 44.4 | 40.1, 48.8 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Use, no evidence of use disorder | 9.1 | 7.6, 10.9 | 18.2 | 15.2, 21.5 | 3.7 | 2.8, 4.9 | 2.3 | 1.8, 3.1 |
| Abuse or dependence | 8.1 | 6.7, 9.6 | 37.4 | 33.8, 41.2 | 8.7 | 6.5, 11.6 | 4.4 | 3.2, 6.1 |
| Type of drug | ||||||||
| Sedatives and/or tranquilizers only | 64.9 | 62.1, 67.6 | 51.8 | 47.7, 55.9 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Prescription pain relievers only | 29.2 | 26.6, 32.0 | 31.6 | 27.8, 35.7 | 1.4 | 1.1, 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.3, 2.1 |
| Sedatives, tranquilizers and prescription pain relievers | 5.9 | 4.8, 7.3 | 16.6 | 13.7, 20.1 | 3.5 | 2.6, 4.8 | 3.1 | 2.1, 4.4 |
| Year of survey | ||||||||
| 2015 | 26.3 | 23.8, 29.1 | 25.6 | 21.4, 30.0 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 2016 | 26.9 | 24.1, 29.9 | 24.5 | 20.7, 28.7 | 0.9 | 0.7, 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.3 |
| 2017 | 25.4 | 22.6, 28.3 | 23.4 | 20.4, 26.7 | 1.0 | 0.7, 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.7, 1.3 |
| 2018 | 21.4 | 18.9, 24.1 | 26.5 | 23.2, 30.0 | 1.3 | 0.9, 1.8 | 1.2 | 0.8, 1.8 |
Notes: OR = Odds Ratio; aOR = adjusted Odds Ratio.