Table 1.
Risk Factors Associated with Severe COVID-19.
| Type | Risk factor | OR (reference) |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Demographics | Increased age 41–60 years and mortality (Mexico) | 3.43 (CI 95% [2.69–4.37]) 6 |
| Increased age 61–80 years and mortality (Mexico) | 7.00 (CI 95% [5.49–8.93]) 6 | |
| Increased age > 80 years and mortality (Mexico) | 11.55 (CI 95% [8.95–14.91]) 6 | |
| Male and mortality (Mexico) | 1.43 (CI 95% [1.38–1.49]) 6 | |
| Social determinants | African American and hospitalization (USA) | 3.2 (CI 95% [1.80–5.80]) 7 |
| Asian and hospitalization (UK) | 2.1 (CI 95% [1.50–3.20]) 8 | |
| Low income and hospitalization (UK) | 2.00 (CI 95% [1.63–2.47]) 9 | |
| Disadvantaged education level and hospitalization (UK) | 2.05 (CI 95% [1.70–2.47]) 9 | |
| Lack of medical insurance and hospitalization (USA) | 2.8 (CI 95% [1.10–7.30]) 7 | |
| Cardiometabolic | ABCDa as obesity and hospitalization (USA) | 1.9 (CI 95% [1.10–3.30]) 7 |
| DBCDb as T2D and hospitalization (USA) | 3.1 (CI 95% [1.70–5.90]) 7 | |
| HTN and hospitalization (China) | 2.0 (CI 95% [1.30–3.20]) 10 | |
| Lower LDL with mortality (China) | 21.72 (CI 95% [1.40–337.54]) 11 | |
| Tobacco use and hospitalization (USA) | 2.3 (CI 95% [1.20–4.50]) 7 | |
| CMBCDc as CVD and mortality (China) | 12.83 (CI 95% [10.27–15.86]) 6 | |
| Immunity/chronic disease | Reduced CD4+ T cells with cancer and hospitalization (China) | 0·84 (CI 95% [0.71–0.98]) 12 |
| Reduced serum albumin level/globulin with cancer and hospitalization (China) | 0·12 (CI 95% [0·02–0·77]) 12 | |
| Cancer and hospitalization (China) | 3·61 (CI 95% [2·59–5·04]) 12 | |
| Underlying disease and mortality (Iran) | 1.53 (CI 95% [1.04–2.24]) 13 | |
| Lymphopenia and mortality (China) | 13.130 (CI 95% [1.63–105.66]) 14 | |
| Hypoalbuminemia and mortality (China) | 6.39 (CI 95% [1.32–31.09]) 14 | |
| Comorbidities and mortality (China) | 6.82 (CI 95% [1.36–34.13]) 14 | |
ABCD, adiposity-based chronic disease; CMBCD, cardiometabolic-based chronic disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBCD, dysglycemia-based chronic disease; HTN, hypertension; OR, odds ratio; T2D, type 2 diabetes.
a
Abnormal adiposity (in terms of amount [increased], distribution, and secretory function) 2.
b
Spectrum including insulin resistance, hyperglycemia from β-cell defect (prediabetes to diabetes), and cardiovascular complications 3.
c
Framework centering on abnormal adiposity, insulin resistance, and CVD4,5.