Table 3. Information related to real-time experimental studies.
| Ref. | Drivers | Age group (in years) |
Male drivers | Female drivers | Driving experience (in years) |
Car | Experiments’ settings (type of roads, time of experiments, duration of experiments) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carmona et al. (2015) | 10 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Type: urban, inter-urban. Duration: 2 scenarios, 10 min each |
| Derbel (2018) | 4 | 50, 50, 50, 70 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Type: residential area, highway |
| Cai et al. (2018) | 25 | 22–57 | N/A | N/A | 2–18 | 1 | Type: urban |
| Park et al. (2016) | 80 | N/A | N/A | N/A | < 2 | 1 | Test drive road |
| Khandakar et al. (2019) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 | N/A |
| Bastos et al. (2020) | 6 | 19–38 | 4 | 2 | <1, 4, 7, 10, 21 | 6 | Type: total 1,303 km. Duration: 58.38 h |
| Schakel et al. (2017) | 8 | 40–49 50–59, 60+ | 7 | 1 | 10–19, 20+ | 8 | Type: freeway. Duration: 48 h |
| Varotto et al. (2017) | 23 | 25–51 (avg 31.57) | 15 | 8 | 3–12, 13–33 | 1 | Type: 35.5 km freeway. Time: 7–9, 16–18, 18–20 Duration: 11 days |
| Varotto et al. (2018) | 23 | N/A | 15 | 8 | N/A | 1 | Type: 46-km, freeway. Time: 7–9, 16–18, 18–20. Duration: each driver 45–90 min |
| Galarza & Paradells (2018) | Two tests (20 & 15) | 25–40, 21–35 | N/A | N/A | >=30,000 km | N/A | Type: route was 38 km. Duration: avg. 70 min for drivers |
| Tonguç, Akçay & Gürbüz (2018) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 | Type: smooth asphalt road, damaged asphalt road, damaged lane road |
| Fridman et al. (2016) | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | N/A | 1 | Duration: 5 runs, duration of each run 37–68 min |
| Xiao et al. (2020) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 | Urban |
| Kim & Baek (2020) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 10 | Type: 5 km road. Duration: each vehicle was driven 3 times over the predestined road |
| Bender et al. (2015) | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 | Type: suburb. Duration: 13 min |
| Andria et al. (2016) | 2 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 | Type: urban |
| Li et al. (2018) | 10 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Type: city-urban. Time: 9–11, 15–17. Duration: 16 h |
| Büyükyildiz et al. (2017) | 1st test 67, 2nd test 51 | 18–20, 21–26, >26 | N/A | N/A | 1st 80000 km, 2nd 25 | 1 | 1st test highway, 2nd test urban and highway |
| Liu et al. (2017) | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 | Type: circuit routes |
| Chen et al. (2019) | 124 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 124 | Type: city of Beijing. Time: 7–12. Duration: each driver drove approx. 480 h |
| Bichicchi et al. (2020) | 10 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 | Type: circuit route, 2,500 m. time: morning, afternoon |
| Taniguchi et al. (2014) | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 | Type: circuit routes |
| Wu & Jovanis (2016) | 76 | 20–70 (avg 41.6) | 47.8% | 53.3% | <10, 10–30, >30 | 11 | Type: freeway, major arterial, minor arterial Time: daylight. Duration: each driver 4 weeks |
| Bella & Nobili (2020) | 16 | 23–45 (avg 31) | N/A | N/A | >4 | 1 | Type: 3.5 km route, 11 non-signalized and 4 signalized intersections. Time: Peak-off hours |
| Zylius (2017) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 | N/A |
| Wu, Chen & Yeh (2013) | 3 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 | Type: freeway, highway, suburb | |
| Gündüz et al. (2017) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 252 | Duration: over 10 months |
| Liu & Hansen (2019) | 20 in 2017, 13 in 2018 | N/A | N/A | N/A | experience, novice drivers | 1 | Type: 2–3 lanes, local road. Time: Summer, sunny, daytime Duration: 3 rounds, 20 min each |
| Zheng et al. (2017) | 15 | <25, 25–35, 35–45, 45–55, >60 | 8 | 7 | min 1year experience | N/A | Type: 2 routes in Florida University Campus Time: 16:40. Duration: Sept-Dec 2013 |
| Yuksel & Atmaca (2020) | 3 | 27, 28, 29 | 3 | 0 | 8–10 | 3 | Type: urban. Time: Sunny. Duration: 2 weeks |
| Silva & Eugenio Naranjo (2020) | 50 | 25–34, 35–54, 55–65 (avg 48.24) | 31 | 19 | avg 15.78 | 1 | Type: 8 km, urban highways, suburban. Time: daytime. Duration: both routes had duration of 24 min |
| Lee & Jang (2017) | 43 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Type: metropolitan areas. Duration: 8 days |
| Li et al. (2015) | 78 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Type: urban highway. Duration: avg 105 min per driver |
| González et al. (2014) | 10 | 27–48 | 10 | 0 | N/A | N/A | Type: road network. Duration: 2 days |
| Joubert, Beer & Koker (2016) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 124 | Duration: 1 month |
| Zardosht, Beauchemin & Bauer (2018) | 12 | 20–47 | 6 | 6 | N/A | N/A | Type: urban, 28.5 km. Time: daytime. Duration: 1 h |
| Hong et al. (2016a) | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | expert driver | 1 | Type: snowy road, asphalt road, local road |
| Yao et al. (2020) | 120 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 120 | N/A |
| Krasniuk et al. (2019) | 35 | 18–59 (avg 50) | 14 | 21 | N/A | 1 | Type: parking lot, suburban, highway |
| McLaurin et al. (2018) | 100 (66 OSA, 34 compare) | N/A | 62 (44 OSA, 18 comparison) | 38 (22 OSA, 16 comparison) | N/A | 100 | Type: two-week period before and three months after beginning CPAP |
| Svetina (2016) | 351 | 20–35, 35–50, 50–65, 65–80 | N/A | N/A | min 2 years | N/A | Type: practice track 300 m |
| Merickel et al. (2019) | 77 | 65–90 | 41 | 36 | 40–76 (avg 58) | 77 | Type: rural, urban. Time: daytime, nighttime Duration: 2–3 months periods separated by 1 year |
| Farah et al. (2014) | 217 families | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Duration: 11 months |
| Gadepally, Krishnamurthy & Ozguner (2013) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 | Type: highway, urban. Duration: 1 h |
| Dabbour (2015) | 28 | 19–73 (avg 40.5) | 15 | 13 | N/A | 28 | Duration: 48 h |
| Yi et al. (2018) | 3 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Duration: 225 min |
| Lubbe & Rosén (2014) | 62 | 20–61 (avg 42) | 58% | 42% | 3–41 (avg 23) | N/A | Type: urban |
| Silva et al. (2014) | 5 | 40–55 | 3 | 2 | 20 | 1 | Type: 3.6 km arterial urban road |
| Zyner, Worrall & Nebot (2019) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 | Type: 5 roundabout in suburbs, high traffic Time: Morning, afternoon. Duration: each recording of roundabout was 14 h |
| Li et al. (2019) | 20 | avg 41.7 | 16 | 4 | 16.8 | 3 | Type: urban |
| Cerni & Bassani (2017) | 21 | 20–50 | 17 | 4 | N/A | N/A | Type: two-lane rural highways |
| Montella et al. (2014) | 39 | 23–70 (avg 35.77) | 25 | 14 | min. 5,000 km in year | 1 | Type: rural motorway. Time: 9:30 AM–4:30 PM on workdays. Duration: 2 months |
| Satzoda & Trivedi (2014) | 2 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 | Type: highway |
| Gao, Murphey & Zhu (2018) | 10 | N/A | 5 | 5 | novice to expert | N/A | Type: 2–3 lanes, local and freeway. Time: daytime, sunny, cloudy. Duration: 20 trips, 10–40 min each |
| Xie et al. (2018) | 50 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Type: highways, ring road, airport express, normal city road (18km) |
| Hill, Elefteriadou & Kondyli (2014) | 1st test 15, 2nd test 31 | 30–39 | 1st test 6/2nd test 19 | 1st test 9/2nd test 12 | N/A | N/A | Type: freeway |
| Zhao et al. (2016), Yao et al. (2016) | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 | Type: expressway, 64 km |
| Gao, Murphey & Zhu (2019) | 10 | 18–40 | 5 | 5 | novice-to-expert | N/A | Type: 2–3 lanes, local and freeway. Time: daytime, sunny, cloudy. Duration: 22 trips, 10–40 min each |
| Wang et al. (2019) | 15 | 27–48 (avg 34.7) | 13 | 2 | 3–23 (avg 8.4), 3 year no accident | 1 | Type: expressway |
| Jermakian et al. (2017) | 40 | 16-17 | 20 | 20 | 6-9 months | 1 | Type: highway, urban, suburban. Duration: 14 months (3,259 h) |
| Llorca, Moreno & Garcia (2016) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 | Type: rural |
| Katzourakis et al. (2013) | 8 | N/A | 6 | 2 | N/A | 1 | Duration: each driver had 16 runs |
| Hassan et al. (2017) | 4 | 26, 28, 33, 33 | N/A | N/A | 7, 8, 13, 10 | N/A | Type: two-sided straight road, width 3.5 m |
| Heesen et al. (2014) | 45 | 23–50 (avg 30.4) | 27 | 18 | Min. 1 year | 1 | Type: test track, 2 km. Duration: 1 h each driver |
| Hildebrandt et al. (2015) | 63 | N/A | 54% | 46% | N/A | 1 | N/A |
| Butakov & Ioannou (2014) | 3 | 26, 27, 30 | 3 | 0 | 3, 4, 5 | 1 | Duration: 6–18, 4, 3 h |
| Bifulco et al. (2014) | 100 | (20–24), (25–40) (41–64), >65 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Type: highway, urban. Time: 8:30–18:30. Duration: 120 h |
| Schorr, Hamdar & Silverstein (2014) | 18 | 20–33 | 9 | 9 | N/A | 1 | Type: predefined loop featured 4 segments |
| Errampalli, Mallela & Chandra (2020) | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 | Type: 3 km urban corridors and 25 km non-urban corridors. Duration: 3 runs on urban corridors and 3 runs on non-urban corridors |
| Das et al. (2019) | 2 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2 | Type: 37.33 km, rural. Time: 14:00–16:30 |
| Qi et al. (2015) | 10 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 | Type: urban. Time: 8–9, 9–10. Duration 2 h each driver |
| Wang et al. (2014) | 36 | 30–69 (avg 44.9) | N/A | N/A | 1–47 (avg 12) | 1 | Type: urban, Freeway |
| Peng et al. (2019) | 51 | 25–56 (avg 37) | 45 | 6 | 3–16 (avg 12) | 1 | Type: urban. Time: 7:30–9:30, 17–19. Duration: 265.8 |
| Stigson et al. (2014) | 196 (128 test, 68 control) | 22–66 | 65.6% | 34.5% | N/A | N/A | Duration: 11 months |
| Stephens et al. (2015) | 19 | 22–47 (avg 30.84) | 12 | 7 | 2-30 (avg 12.78) | 1 | Type: freeway, arterial road. Duration: 50 min |
| Hong et al. (2016b) | 20 | 22–24 (avg 23), 69–78 | 7 young, 5 old | 3 young, 5 old | 1y (young drivers) | N/A | N/A |
| Turner, Woolley & Cairney (2015) | 40 | N/A | 40 | 0 | <3, >=15 | 1 | Type: rural driving route. Duration:1 h:35 min each driver |
| Maljković & Cvitanić (2016) | 20 | 25–60 | 13 | 7 | 2–30 | 20 | Type: 24 km long segment. Time: Daylight Duration: Oct 2012–April 2013 |
| Fleming et al. (2019) | 9 | 25–40 | N/A | N/A | Min. 3 years | N/A | Duration: 7 h for car following scenarios and 10 h for cornering scenarios |
| Wang et al. (2016) | 24 | N/A | 20 | 4 | N/A | 3 | Type: urban |
| Lyu et al. (2019) | 32 | 22–55 (avg 32.2) | 21 | 11 | 2–18 (avg 6.9) | N/A | Type: urban, expressway, freeway. Time: 8:00–17:30. Duration: 6,500 km of data |
| Salmon et al. (2017) | 20 | 25–49 (avg 38.3) | 10 | 10 | avg 20.6 | 1 | Type: 15 km urban route in the suburbs |