Table 2.
Associations between OA (any joint) and comorbidities diagnosed during a maximum period of 20 years prior to the index date (expanded version for every 5 year interval is provided in Supplementary Table S1.3, available at Rheumatology online)
| Comorbidities | Prevalence |
OR (95% CI) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OA cases (n = 209 601), n (%) | Non-OA controls (n = 208 799), n (%) | Unadjusted | Adjusteda | |
| Multimorbidity | 117 997 (53.19) | 92 899 (41.88) | 1.86 (1.83, 1.88)* | 1.71(1.69, 1.74)* |
| Musculoskeletal | ||||
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 3258 (1.55) | 2158 (1.03) | 1.53 (1.45, 1.62)* | 1.53 (1.44, 1.62)* |
| Back pain | 84 092 (40.12) | 61 835 (29.61) | 1.70 (1.67, 1.72)* | 1.67 (1.64, 1.69)* |
| Gout | 8013 (3.82) | 4829 (2.31) | 1.69 (1.64, 1.76)* | 1.52 (1.46, 1.57)* |
| Osteoporosis | 6260 (2.98) | 4896 (2.34) | 1.27 (1.22, 1.32)* | 1.41 (1.35, 1.47)* |
| Polymyalgia | 2226 (1.06) | 1243 (0.59) | 1.80 (1.68, 1.93)* | 1.74 (1.62, 1.87)* |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1956 (0.93) | 972 (0.46) | 1.97 (1.83, 2.13)* | 1.95 (1.80, 2.11)* |
| Sjögren’s syndrome | 340 (0.16) | 202 (0.09) | 1.64 (1.38, 1.96)* | 1.67 (1.39, 2.00)* |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 122 (0.05) | 81 (0.04) | 1.49 (1.12, 1.98) | 1.54 (1.15, 2.07)* |
| Fibromyalgia | 2162 (1.03) | 1073 (0.51) | 1.95 (1.81, 2.10)* | 1.89 (1.75, 2.04)* |
| Fatigue | 2453 (1.17) | 1739 (0.83) | 1.42 (1.33, 1.51)* | 1.42 (1.32, 1.51)* |
| Respiratory | ||||
| Asthma | 17 029 (8.12) | 12 320 (5.9) | 1.41 (1.38, 1.45)* | 1.33 (1.30, 1.37)* |
| COPD | 12 642 (6.05) | 9296 (4.45) | 1.40 (1.37, 1.45)* | 1.35 (1.31, 1.39)* |
| Genito-urinary | ||||
| Chronic kidney disease | 8965 (4.27) | 7527 (3.6) | 1.25 (1.20, 1.29)* | 1.12 (1.08, 1.16)* |
| Benign prostatic hypertrophyb | 8436 (4.02) | 6365 (3.05) | 1.38 (1.32, 1.43)* | 1.38 (1.33, 1.43)* |
| Renal stones | 1923 (0.91) | 1567 (0.75) | 1.22 (1.14, 1.31)* | 1.16 (1.09, 1.25)* |
| Neurological/psychiatric | ||||
| Stroke | 16 158 (7.7) | 14 200 (6.8) | 1.17 (1.14, 1.20)* | 1.15 (1.11, 1.19)* |
| Dementia | 1068 (0.51) | 990 (0.47) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.17) | 1.09 (0.99, 1.19) |
| Epilepsy | 1376 (0.65) | 1125 (0.54) | 1.20 (1.11, 1.30)* | 1.18 (1.08, 1.29)* |
| Multiple sclerosis | 348 (0.17) | 433 (0.2) | 0.79 (0.68, 0.91)* | 0.80 (0.69, 0.93)* |
| Parkinson’s disease | 696 (0.33) | 502 (0.24) | 1.36 (1.21, 1.53)* | 1.39 (1.23, 1.57)* |
| Migraine | 11 359 (5.41) | 8489 (4.06) | 1.36 (1.32, 1.39)* | 1.37 (1.33, 1.41)* |
| Depression | 38 417 (18.32) | 27 362 (13.1) | 1.53 (1.50, 1.56)* | 1.49 (1.46, 1.52)* |
| Psychosis | 398 (0.19) | 419 (0.2) | 0.94 (0.82, 1.08) | 0.86 (0.75, 1.00) |
| Schizophrenia | 1073 (0.51) | 1034 (0.49) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) |
| Cancer | 8972 (4.28) | 7984 (3.8) | 1.13 (1.09, 1.17)* | 1.12 (1.09, 1.16)* |
| Circulatory | ||||
| Coronary heart disease | 18 302 (8.73) | 14 262 (6.83) | 1.33 (1.30, 1.36)* | 1.24 (1.21, 1.27)* |
| Arterial/venous | 1429 (0.68) | 1062 (0.51) | 1.34 (1.23, 1.45)* | 1.29 (1.19, 1.41)* |
| Heart failure | 3113 (1.48) | 1847 (0.88) | 1.72 (1.62, 1.82)* | 1.52 (1.43, 1.62)* |
| Hypertension | 53 659 (25.6) | 46 012 (22.03) | 1.24 (1.22, 1.26)* | 1.08 (1.06, 1.10)* |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 5539 (2.64) | 3906 (1.87) | 1.41 (1.35, 1.47)* | 1.45 (1.39, 1.51)* |
| Metabolic/endocrine | ||||
| High cholesterol | 26 558 (12.67) | 21 865 (10.47) | 1.27 (1.24, 1.29)* | 1.18 (1.16, 1.20)* |
| Diabetes mellitus | 16 147 (7.7) | 12 656 (6.06) | 1.31 (1.27, 1.34)* | 1.06 (1.03, 1.09)* |
| Hyperthyroid | 2047 (0.97) | 1843 (0.88) | 1.10 (1.03, 1.17)* | 1.09 (1.02, 1.16)* |
| Hypothyroid | 12 276 (5.85) | 9793 (4.69) | 1.27 (1.23, 1.30)* | 1.18 (1.15, 1.22)* |
| Digestive | ||||
| Gastritis | 10 527 (5.02) | 7551 (3.61) | 1.42 (1.37, 1.46)* | 1.42 (1.36, 1.45)* |
| Gastroinstestinal bleed | 2253 (1.07) | 1570 (0.75) | 1.43 (1.34, 1.53)* | 1.42 (1.33, 1.52)* |
| Gall bladder stones | 9189 (4.38) | 6461 (3.09) | 1.44 (1.39, 1.49)* | 1.27 (1.22, 1.31)* |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 8704 (4.15) | 6409 (3.06) | 1.38 (1.33, 1.43)* | 1.36 (1.32, 1.41)* |
| Liver diseases | 1029 (0.49) | 689 (0.32) | 1.47 (1.33, 1.62)* | 1.42 (1.29, 1.57)* |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | 14 335 (6.83) | 10 015 (4.79) | 1.47 (1.43, 1.51)* | 1.52 (1.47, 1.56)* |
| Others | ||||
| HIV /AIDS | 19 315 (9.21) | 15 587 (7.46) | 1.99 (0.75, 5.32) | 2.08 (0.76, 5.75) |
| Hearing | 1313 (0.62) | 1136 (0.54) | 1.26 (1.24, 1.29)* | 1.26 (1.23, 1.29)* |
| Psoriasis | 4602 (2.19) | 3655 (1.75) | 1.24 (1.19, 1.30)* | 1.20 (1.14, 1.25)* |
| Scleroderma | 55 (0.02) | 54 (0.02) | 0.98 (0.67, 1.43) | 0.97 (0.65, 1.44) |
| Sleep disorder | 5148 (2.45) | 3820 (1.82) | 1.43 (1.36, 1.49)* | 1.35 (1.28, 1.41)* |
| Tuberculosis | 417 (0.19) | 342 (0.16) | 1.21 (1.04, 1.39) | 1.25 (1.08, 1.45) |
| Anaemia | 6732 (3.21) | 5406 (2.59) | 1.25 (1.20, 1.29)* | 1.25 (1.21, 1.30)* |
| Vision problems | 12 179 (5.81) | 10 218 (4.89) | 1.15 (1.07, 1.25) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.21) |
| Cataract | 3258 (1.55) | 2158 (1.03) | 1.23 (1.19, 1.27)* | 1.21 (1.17, 1.24)* |
*
P < 0.05 adjusted for multiple testing using FDR. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. aAdjusted for age, gender, BMI, smoking, alcohol use, multimorbidity count and index year. bOnly for men.