Table 4.
Adjusteda HR and 95% CIs for each comorbidity for a maximum 20 years follow-up, comparing incident OA cases (joint wise) and matched controls irrespective of comorbidities at the index date
| Comorbidities | Hip, aHR (95% CI) |
Knee, aHR (95% CI) |
Wrist/hand, aHR (95% CI) |
Ankle/foot, aHR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Additional multimorbidity | 1.16 (1.11, 1.21)* | 1.24 (1.20, 1.28)* | 1.46 (1.36, 1.56)* | 1.17 (1.07, 1.29)* |
| Musculoskeletal | ||||
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 1.92 (1.47, 2.51)* | 1.59 (1.31, 1.93)* | 1.82 (1.29, 2.56)* | 1.72 (0.98, 2.99) |
| Back pain | 1.36 (1.29, 1.43)* | 1.41 (1.36, 1.46)* | 1.30 (1.21, 1.39)* | 1.38 (1.24, 1.53)* |
| Gout | 1.35 (1.21, 1.51)* | 1.42 (1.32, 1.53)* | 1.59 (1.34, 1.89)* | 1.71 (1.37, 2.13)* |
| Osteoporosis | 1.28 (1.17, 1.40)* | 1.37 (1.28, 1.46)* | 1.45 (1.27, 1.66)* | 1.22 (0.98, 1.52) |
| Polymyalgia | 1.42 (1.18, 1.69)* | 1.38 (1.20, 1.58)* | 1.67 (1.27, 2.20)* | 1.43 (0.90, 2.27) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 3.20 (2.40, 4.27)* | 2.64 (2.20, 3.17)* | 2.27 (1.76, 2.91)* | 2.22 (1.28, 3.87)* |
| Sjörgen’s syndrome | 0.95 (0.49, 1.83) | 1.61 (0.99, 2.58) | 1.72 (0.86, 3.45) | 1.72 (0.34, 8.63) |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 1.38 (0.58, 3.31) | 1.60 (0.78, 3.27) | 1.39 (0.38, 5.04) | – |
| Fibromyalgia | 2.32 (1.69, 3.19)* | 2.32 (1.88, 2.86)* | 1.68 (1.24, 2.28)* | 1.68 (0.93, 3.05) |
| Fatigue | 1.42 (1.18, 1.72)* | 1.32 (1.15, 1.50)* | 1.17 (0.92, 1.50) | 1.10 (0.74, 1.64) |
| Respiratory | ||||
| Asthma | 1.05 (0.91, 1.20) | 1.16 (1.07, 1.28)* | 1.25 (1.05, 1.49) | 1.30 (0.99, 1.71) |
| COPD | 1.24 (1.12, 1.38)* | 1.15 (1.07, 1.24)* | 1.13 (0.95, 1.35) | 0.99 (0.77, 1.25) |
| Genito-urinary | ||||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 1.14 (1.08, 1.20)* | 1.12 (1.07, 1.17)* | 1.25 (1.13, 1.38)* | 1.23 (1.07, 1.41)* |
| Benign prostatic hypertrophyb | 1.27 (1.14, 1.42)* | 1.42 (1.32, 1.53)* | 1.22 (1.01, 1.47) | 1.30 (1.04, 1.62) |
| Renal stone | 1.29 (1.01, 1.65) | 1.30 (1.10, 1.54) | 0.99 (0.69, 1.41) | 1.29 (0.73, 2.31) |
| Neurologic/psychiatric | ||||
| Stroke | 1.21 (1.13, 1.31)* | 1.24 (1.18, 1.31)* | 1.15 (1.02, 1.30) | 1.23 (1.04, 1.45) |
| Dementia | 1.66 (1.51, 1.84)* | 1.72 (1.60, 1.85)* | 1.89 (1.57, 2.28)* | 1.95 (1.49, 2.55)* |
| Epilepsy | 1.58 (1.17, 2.12) | 1.41 (1.13, 1.74) | 1.34 (0.81, 2.19) | 1.07 (0.57, 2.01) |
| Multiple sclerosis | 2.18 (1.08, 4.36) | 1.05 (0.61, 1.80) | 0.82 (0.25, 2.74) | 1.33 (0.38, 4.69) |
| Parkinson’s disease | 1.68 (1.34, 2.12)* | 1.69 (1.43, 1.99)* | 1.25 (0.81, 1.94) | 1.83 (1.04, 3.20) |
| Migraine | 1.06 (0.89, 1.25) | 1.23 (1.09, 1.37)* | 1.27 (2.05, 2.54) | 1.25 (0.93, 1.69) |
| Depression | 1.43 (1.33, 1.54)* | 1.44 (1.36, 1.51)* | 1.36 (1.22, 1.51)* | 1.57 (1.34, 1.85)* |
| Psychosis | 0.94 (0.57, 1.55) | 0.99 (0.68, 1.43) | 1.23 (0.53, 2.83) | 0.78 (0.25, 2.44) |
| Schizophrenia | 1.26 (0.87, 1.84) | 0.96 (0.74, 1.24) | 0.77 (0.42, 1.42) | 0.91 (0.42, 1.97) |
| Cancer | 1.60 (1.49, 1.72)* | 1.59 (1.51, 1.67)* | 1.46 (1.30, 1.63)* | 1.65 (1.40, 1.94)* |
| Circulatory | ||||
| Coronary heart disease | 1.29 (1.17, 1.41)* | 1.30 (1.22, 1.39)* | 1.32 (1.14, 1.53)* | 1.09 (0.89, 1.34) |
| Arterial/venous | 1.71 (1.42, 2.07)* | 1.54 (1.33, 1.77)* | 0.93 (0.64, 1.35) | 1.64 (1.01, 2.67) |
| Heart failure | 1.64 (1.45, 1.86)* | 1.82 (1.66, 2.00)* | 1.58 (1.24, 1.99)* | 1.36 (0.97, 1.90) |
| Hypertension | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.08) | 1.08 (0.99, 1.17) | 1.01 (0.91, 1.13) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.52 (1.34, 1.73)* | 1.41 (1.29, 1.55)* | 1.46 (1.19, 1.79)* | 1.42 (1.05, 1.93) |
| Metabolic/endocrine | ||||
| High cholesterol | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) | 1.08 (1.03, 1.12)* | 1.09 (0.99, 1.19) | 1.16 (1.01, 1.33) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.07 (1.00, 1.15) | 1.19 (1.14, 1.25)* | 1.24 (1.11, 1.38)* | 1.12 (0.97, 1.30) |
| Hyperthyroid | 1.02 (0.79, 1.34) | 1.04 (0.86, 1.27) | 1.52 (1.04, 2.22) | 1.07 (0.62, 1.86) |
| Hypothyroid | 1.02 (0.92, 1.14) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 1.16 (0.99, 1.34) | 1.14 (0.91, 1.42) |
| Digestive | ||||
| Gastritis | 1.57 (1.41, 1.75)* | 1.51 (1.40, 1.63)* | 1.31 (1.12, 1.53)* | 1.39 (1.11, 1.74)* |
| Gastrointestinal bleed | 1.62 (1.34, 1.96)* | 1.97 (1.71, 2.26)* | 1.28 (0.94, 1.74) | 1.52 (1.00, 2.30) |
| Gall bladder stones | 1.33 (1.19, 1.50)* | 1.31 (1.20, 1.42)* | 1.45 (1.23, 1.70)* | 1.13 (0.88, 1.46) |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 1.41 (1.25, 1.59)* | 1.41 (1.29, 1.53)* | 1.33 (1.12, 1.58)* | 1.62 (1.26, 2.08)* |
| Liver disease | 1.48 (1.09, 2.02)* | 1.64 (1.33, 2.00)* | 1.38 (0.85, 2.21) | 1.49 (0.82, 2.72) |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | 1.26 (1.06, 1.49)* | 1.50 (1.33, 1.69)* | 1.67 (1.36, 2.04)* | 1.50 (1.09, 2.09)* |
| Others | ||||
| Hearing | 1.17 (1.10, 1.25)* | 1.19 (1.15, 1.25)* | 1.23 (1.11, 1.35)* | 1.37 (1.19, 1.57)* |
| Psoriasis | 1.09 (0.89, 1.33) | 1.05 (0.91, 1.20) | 1.12 (0.85, 1.47) | 0.97 (0.64, 1.48) |
| Scleroderma | 1.23 (0.47, 3.24) | 1.31 (0.54, 3.22) | 0.96 (0.24, 3.82) | – |
| Sleep disorder | 1.35 (1.19, 1.54)* | 1.39 (1.27, 1.52)* | 1.66 (1.35, 2.03)* | 1.39 (1.05, 1.86) |
| Tuberculosis | 1.58 (0.68, 3.66) | 1.36 (0.85, 2.19) | 2.55 (0.99, 6.54) | 0.87 (0.24, 3.12) |
| Anaemia | 1.74 (1.59, 1.92)* | 1.61 (1.51, 1.72)* | 1.33 (1.14, 1.55)* | 1.55 (1.25, 1.92)* |
| Vision problems | 1.11 (0.87, 1.40) | 1.09 (0.93, 1.29) | 1.39 (0.93, 2.09) | 1.37 (0.76, 2.48) |
| Cataract | 1.16 (1.07, 1.26)* | 1.15 (1.09, 1.22)* | 1.27 (1.13, 1.42)* | 1.12 (0.92, 1.37) |
*
P < 0.05 adjusted for multiple testing using FDR; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. aAdjusted for age, sex, BMI, alcohol use, smoking, multimorbidity count and index date. bOnly for men.