Figure 1. Whole cohort cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) components relationships.

CVF metabolites, pH, and host defense peptides explored in relation with bacterial composition based on Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) groups in early pregnancy (10–15⁺⁶ weeks). Wilcoxon comparison shown if P < 0.05. (A–I) lactate, acetate, Ca²⁺, betaine glucose, succinate, pH, elafin, and cathelicidin (high-risk women only). Number of samples (n) per PCoA group comparisons as follows: (A–F) PCoA A = 89, PCoA B = 31, PCoA C = 115, PCoA D = 64, and PCoA E = 6. (G) PCoA A = 55, PCoA B = 19, PCoA C = 62, PCoA D = 39, and PCoA E = 4. (H) PCoA A = 85, PCoA B = 29, PCoA C = 111, PCoA D = 61, and PCoA E = 6. (I) PCoA A = 41, PCoA B = 16, PCoA C = 76, PCoA D = 37, and PCoA E = 4. Y axis represents the normalized NMR peaks (arbitrary units, au) (A–F), pg/μL (H), and ng/mL (I). Horizontal line and boxes represent median and IQR.