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taVNS decreased VAS score. The independent sample t test was used to assess the difference between the sham-taVNS and taVNS groups. The paired Student’s t test was applied to evaluate the differences before and after the taVNS or sham-taVNS treatment. Mean ± SD is presented (versus sham-taVNS, **P < 0.01; versus baseline, ###P < 0.001). At baseline, both groups, n = 21. After treatment, taVNS group, n = 21; sham-taVNS group, n = 19.
