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. 2021 Mar 19;128(6):775–801. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318183

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© 2021 The Authors.

Circulation Research is published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — Three-dimensional (3D) cardiac models in regenerative medicine.Left, Overview of models applicable to cardiac regenerative medicine: microtissues (MTs), cardiac cell sheets, engineered heart tissues (EHTs), and cardiac wires (CWs) can used for transplantation either alone or as cardiac (3D bioprinted) patches. Middle, Applications of models in cardiac regenerative medicine, including tissue regeneration and restoration of tissue function. Gene therapy can be also used in addition to or instead of transplantation. Right, The ultimate goal is to restore function of damaged hearts in vivo.