Table 1.

Landmark detection rate and three-dimensional mean distance error by landmarks and their types.

Landmarks*		Mean ± SD (mm)	Detection rate (%)
Name	Type		< 2 mm	< 2.5 mm	< 3 mm	< 4 mm
Bregma	1	1.80 ± 0.65	50.00	87.50	100.00	100.00
Nasion	1	1.71 ± 0.79	65.63	71.88	100.00	100.00
Sella	2	2.39 ± 0.93	37.50	59.38	68.75	100.00
ANS	2	1.03 ± 0.36	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
R IOF	2	1.50 ± 0.50	90.63	93.75	100.00	100.00
L IOF	2	2.12 ± 1.29	56.25	56.25	71.88	96.88
R MF	2	1.51 ± 0.55	75.00	96.88	100.00	100.00
L MF	2	1.93 ± 0.55	68.75	87.50	90.63	100.00
R Or	2	1.39 ± 0.47	90.63	100.00	100.00	100.00
L Or	2	1.45 ± 0.39	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
R Po	3	1.87 ± 1.08	50.00	59.38	84.38	100.00
L Po	3	2.79 ± 1.14	25.00	50.00	62.50	78.13
R F	3	2.69 ± 0.95	21.88	65.63	68.75	81.25
L F	3	2.68 ± 0.98	18.75	46.88	62.50	90.63
CFM	3	2.09 ± 0.89	53.13	62.50	87.50	96.88
Pog	3	2.35 ± 0.98	40.63	68.75	87.50	87.50
Mean		1.96 ± 0.78	58.99	75.39	86.52	95.70
Type 1†	1	1.76 ± 0.55	57.82	79.69	100.00	100.00
Type 2‡	2	1.67 ± 0.19	62.89	75.39	84.77	96.88
Type 3¶	3	2.41 ± 0.44	54.17	73.96	84.38	92.71

*For all landmarks: Kruskal–Wallis test, p < 0.001.

^†For all Type1 landmarks: Mann–Whitney test, p = 0.88.

^‡For all Type2 landmarks: Kruskal–Wallis test, p = 0.01.

¶For all Type3 landmarks: Kruskal–Wallis test, p = 0.56.

For Type 1, 2 and 3 landmarks: two-way ANOVA, p = 0.87. For Type 1 and 3 landmarks: Mann–Whitney test, p = 0.02. For Type 2 and 3 landmarks: Mann–Whitney test, p < 0.0001. For Type 1 and 2 landmarks: Mann–Whitney test, p = 0.92.

ANS anterior nasal spine, IOF infraorbital foramen, R right, L left, MF mental foramen, F mandibular foramen, CFM center of foramen magnum. Please refer to Supplementary Table 1 for their definitions and abbreviations.