Table 3.

Biomedical activity and application of glycerophospholipids

Subclass	Name	Activity	Medical application	Ref.
PC	PC	Lipolysis in human fat tissue	Cosmetic procedure	Thomas et al., 2016
		Lipolysis in malar, jawline, submental areas and upper arm	Cosmetic procedure	Thomas et al., 2018
		Promote adipocyte-specific lipolysis and apoptosis through TNF-α or IL-1β signaling	Adipocyte lipolysis and apoptosis	Jung et al., 2019
		Reduce gastric bleeding, prevent GI permeability disturbance due to LPS	Gastrointestinal tract inflammation	Dial et al., 2008
		Improves intestinal barrier function.	Drug-induced Liver injury	Chen et al., 2019
	Polyenylphosphatidylcholine	Protective effects against lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress and hepatic fibrosis	Fatty liver, metabolic comorbidities	Maev et al., 2020
PI	Phosphatidylinositol (3, 4, 5) – trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3)	Signaling molecule processed by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase	Insulin resistance	Kachko et al., 2015
PS	PS	Suppress the TNF-α production of peritoneal macrophage	Inflammatory disease	Klein et al., 2020
		Interfere with the pro-inflammatory cytokine formation of phagocyte	Inflammatory disease	Szondy et al., 2017
	Lecithin-transphosphatidylated PS	Restored age-associated decreases of choline transporter	Memory impairment	Lee et al., 2015
Plasmalogen	Ethanolamine plasmalogen	Correlation of declined circulating plasmalogen and cognitive function	Alzheimer’s disease	Wood et al., 2010
		Enhanced inhibition activity of phosphatidylethanolamine on γ-secretase	Alzheimer’s disease	Onodera et al., 2015
		Improvement of cognitive functions	Alzheimer’s disease	Fujino et al., 2017
		Improved memory impairment in amyloid β-infused rats	Alzheimer’s disease	Yamashita et al., 2017