Table 2. Univariate and multivariate analyses of OS in the training cohort.

Characteristic	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	HR (95% CI)	P value		HR (95% CI)	P value
Age (≥60 vs. <60 years)	3.264 (2.047–5.205)	<0.001		1.903 (1.175–3.082)	0.009
Gender (male vs. female)	1.230 (0.786–1.923)	0.365
Smoking (yes vs. no)	1.191 (0.628–2.260)	0.593
Drinking (yes vs. no)	1.397 (0.718–2.717)	0.325
Rapid growth (yes vs. no)	2.555 (1.565–4.172)	<0.001		1.703 (1.035–2.803)	0.036
Pain (yes vs. no)	2.293 (1.444–3.642)	<0.001		NS
Facial palsy (yes vs. no)	4.444 (2.496–7.915)	<0.001		2.472 (1.366–4.474)	0.003
Grade (high vs. low/intermediate)	4.980 (3.095–8.014)	<0.001		3.121 (1.900–5.124)	<0.001
pT stage (3/4 vs. 1/2)	3.066 (1.950–4.820)	<0.001		2.108 (1.316–3.375)	0.002
pN stage (positive vs. negative)	3.602 (1.972–6.580)	<0.001		3.269 (1.769–6.044)	<0.001
Neck dissection (yes vs. no)	1.969 (1.012–3.830)	0.046		NS
FN sacrifice (yes vs. no)	2.866 (1.820–4.513)	<0.001		NS
Surgery margin (positive/close vs. negative)	3.831 (2.199–6.673)	<0.001		NS

OS, overall survival; HR, hazard ratio; FN, facial nerve; NS, not significant.