Table 4.

Multivariate associations between plasma concentrations of carotenoids in tertiles and domain-specific cognition

	Domain-specific cognition
	T1	T2	T3	P for trend
Executive functioning
Total carotenoids	Ref.	−0⋅22 (0⋅31)	0⋅09 (0⋅31)	0⋅67
α-Carotene	Ref.	0⋅27 (0⋅30)	0⋅25 (0⋅31)	0⋅42
β-Carotene	Ref.	−0⋅35 (0⋅30)	0⋅11 (0⋅31)	0⋅83
Lutein and zeaxanthin	Ref.	0⋅36 (0⋅30)	−0⋅05 (0⋅30)	0⋅89
β-Cryptoxanthin	Ref.	−0⋅43 (0⋅30)	−0⋅02 (0⋅30)	1⋅00
Lycopene	Ref.	0⋅53 (0⋅30)	0⋅06 (0⋅30)	0⋅93
Perceptual speed memory
Total carotenoids	Ref.	−0⋅25(0⋅22)	0⋅08 (0⋅23)	0⋅60
α-Carotene	Ref.	0⋅37 (0⋅22)	0⋅28 (0⋅23)	0⋅24
β-Carotene	Ref.	−0⋅22 (0⋅22)	0⋅14 (0⋅23)	0⋅63
Lutein and zeaxanthin	Ref.	0⋅31 (0⋅22)	−0⋅03 (0⋅23)	0⋅92
β-Cryptoxanthin	Ref.	−0⋅19 (0⋅22)	−0⋅06 (0⋅22)	0⋅81
Lycopene	Ref.	0⋅24 (0⋅22)	0⋅42 (0⋅22)	0⋅06
Episodic memory
Total carotenoids	Ref.	−0⋅41 (0⋅43)	0⋅76 (0⋅45)	0⋅05
α-Carotene	Ref.	0⋅23 (0⋅44)	0⋅66 (0⋅45)	0⋅06
β-Carotene	Ref.	−0⋅43 (0⋅43)	0⋅74 (0⋅44)	0⋅43
Lutein and zeaxanthin	Ref.	0⋅34 (0⋅43)	0⋅40 (0⋅44)	0⋅56
β-Cryptoxanthin	Ref.	0⋅71 (0⋅43)	0⋅43 (0⋅43)	0⋅41
Lycopene	Ref.	0⋅11 (0⋅44)	0⋅08 (0⋅44)	0⋅91
Semantic memory
Total carotenoids	Ref.	−0⋅12 (0⋅22)	0⋅19 (0⋅23)	0⋅33
α-Carotene	Ref.	0⋅23 (0⋅22)	0⋅62 (0⋅22)*	0⋅007
β-Carotene	Ref.	−0⋅12 (0⋅22)	0⋅30 (0⋅22)	0⋅28
Lutein and zeaxanthin	Ref.	0⋅57 (0⋅22)*	0⋅59 (0⋅22)*	0⋅01
β-Cryptoxanthin	Ref.	0⋅15 (0⋅22)	0⋅26 (0⋅22)	0⋅23
Lycopene	Ref.	−0⋅11 (0⋅22)	0⋅19 (0⋅22)	0⋅88

Data are cognitive function z score, β (se).

A multivariate model was adjusted for age, sex, study site, smoking status (never, former and current), total cholesterol, calorie intakes and cognitive activity. Benjamini–Hochberg correction with a false discovery rate of 20 % was used to control the false discovery rate.

*P < 0⋅05.