Table 3. Difference-in-Differences Results After Program Launch: Part Ba,b.
| Variable | Difference-in-differences for HbA1c (95% CI), percentage pointsc | Constant (95% CI) | N × Td | R 2 | F | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015-2016 | 2016-2017 | 2017-2018 | 2018-2019 | |||||
| No comorbidity | −0.07 (−0.16 to 0.03) | −0.14 (−0.22 to −0.05) | −0.17 (−0.31 to −0.04) | −0.11 (−0.23 to 0.004) | 12.03 (−17.31 to 41.37) | 21 495 | 0.65 | 4.82 |
| 1 comorbidity | −0.06 (−0.14 to 0.01) | −0.13 (−0.21 to −0.04) | −0.13 (−0.29 to 0.03) | −0.16 (−0.29 to −0.04) | 33.68 (−11.77 to 79.14) | 17 263 | 0.65 | 10.05 |
| ≥2 comorbidities | 0.02 (−0.07 to 0.11) | 0.02 (−0.13 to 0.16) | −0.01 (−0.21 to 0.20) | −0.13 (−0.34 to 0.07) | 2.174 (−1.42 to 5.76) | 10 994 | 0.65 | 16.82 |
| No obesity | −0.09 (−0.15 to −0.03) | −0.12 (−0.18 to −0.04) | −0.14 (−0.27 to −0.01) | −0.16 (−0.31 to −0.01) | 24.88 (−19.02 to 68.77) | 28 671 | 0.64 | 20.87 |
| Obesity | 0.01 (−0.08 to 0.10) | −0.08 (−0.18 to 0.03) | −0.09 (−0.22 to 0.04) | −0.11 (−0.21 to −0.01) | 15.96 (8.06 to 23.85) | 20 995 | 0.66 | 9.15 |
| Most deprived | −0.05 (−0.15 to 0.05) | −0.12 (−0.19 to −0.04) | −0.20 (−0.31 to −0.08) | −0.19 (−0.32 to −0.07) | 5.95 (−17.18 to 29.09) | 16 856 | 0.67 | 4.39 |
| Least deprived | −0.05 (−0.11 to 0.02) | −0.10 (−0.16 to −0.03) | −0.084 (−0.21 to 0.04) | −0.11 (−0.23 to 0.01) | 30.13 (−6.51 to 66.78) | 32 896 | 0.64 | 7.72 |
a
Standard errors were clustered at practice level.
b
Fixed-effects models for individuals were estimated. Fixed-effects models controlled for all time invariant observable and unobservable characteristics. All models included time dummies and a quadratic for age.
c
To convert these estimates from Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (%) to International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (mmol/mol), multiply by 10.93.
d
Sample sizes were N × T for an unbalanced panel.