Table 2.
Average Marginal Effects From Multilevel Logit Regression Models for COVID-19 Bereavement and Self-Report Depression Among Older Adults
| Felt sad or depressed in the last month | Felt more sad or depressed than pre-COVID-19 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 (full sample) |
Model 2 (full sample) |
Model 3 (female) |
Model 4 (male) |
Model 5 (full sample) |
Model 6 (full sample) |
Model 7 (female) |
Model 8 (male) |
|
| Any network bereavementa | 0.06*** | — | 0.07*** | 0.06*** | 0.06*** | — | 0.07*** | 0.06*** |
| Family bereavement | — | 0.08*** | — | — | — | 0.08*** | — | — |
| Nonfamily bereavement | — | 0.05*** | — | — | — | 0.05*** | — | — |
| National COVID-19 mortality | ||||||||
| First quartile (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Second quartile | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | −0.00 | −0.02 | −0.02 | −0.01 | −0.02 |
| Third quartile | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
| Fourth quartile | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.06* | 0.01 | 0.05* | 0.05* | 0.08* | 0.01 |
| Control variables | ||||||||
| Age | ||||||||
| 50–59 (ref.) | ||||||||
| 60–69 | −0.02** | −0.02** | −0.02* | −0.02 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 |
| 70–79 | −0.02*** | −0.02** | −0.01 | −0.03** | −0.02** | −0.02** | −0.01 | −0.02* |
| 80+ | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.02 | −0.00 |
| Female (male) | 0.12*** | 0.12*** | — | — | 0.09*** | 0.09*** | — | — |
| Partnered (unpartnered) | −0.06*** | −0.06*** | −0.06*** | −0.06*** | −0.01*** | −0.01*** | −0.02** | −0.02*** |
| Household size | −0.01* | −0.01* | −0.02* | −0.00 | −0.01** | −0.01** | −0.01* | −0.00 |
| Employed (not employed) | −0.03*** | −0.03** | −0.03*** | −0.03** | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 |
| Poor self-rated healthb | 0.15*** | 0.15*** | 0.16*** | 0.14*** | 0.09*** | 0.09*** | 0.09*** | 0.08*** |
| Number of chronic conditionsc | 0.05*** | 0.05*** | 0.05*** | 0.05*** | 0.03*** | 0.03*** | 0.03*** | 0.03*** |
| Baseline mortalityd | −0.02 | −0.02 | −0.02 | −0.01 | −0.03 | −0.03 | −0.04 | −0.01 |
| Intercept | −1.55*** | −1.55*** | −0.91** | −1.48*** | −2.16*** | −2.16*** | −1.46*** | −2.17*** |
| Random effects | ||||||||
| Intercept variance | 0.09*** | 0.09*** | 0.10*** | 0.08*** | 0.10*** | 0.10*** | 0.10*** | 0.10*** |
Notes: COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019. N = 51,383; country N = 27.
aReference group is respondents not reporting COVID-19 deaths of each type.
bReference group is self-reported good, very good, or excellent health.
cSum of seven chronic conditions.
dEstimates multiplied by 100 to reduce leading zeros.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.