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. 2021 Jun 26;72(17):6003–6017. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erab266

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© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 1. — Schematic representing the main features of the C₄ photosynthetic pathway. CO₂ diffuses into the mesophyll where it is converted to HCO₃^– and fixed by PEPC at the rate V_p. In the steady state, C₄ acid decarboxylation occurs at the same rate. CO₂ released in the bundle sheath either leaks out of the bundle sheath at (L) or is fixed by Rubisco (V_c). In the photosynthetic carbon oxidation cycle, CO₂ is released at half the oxygenation rate (V_o). CO₂ is also released by respiration (R_m, R_s) in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells, respectively. Electron transport components are not shown.