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XPS analysis of CA-functionalized GO. (A) Schematic of covalent binding of CA to surface hydroxyl and epoxide groups. (B) Carbon, (C) nitrogen, and (D) oxygen HR-XPS spectra before (top panels) and after (bottom panels) addition of CA in DMSO. (E) Relative atomic amounts of oxygen and nitrogen extracted from the multipeak fits to the HR-XPS spectra in (C,D) and Figure S3A-C. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-tailed, unpaired t-test (p: *** ≤ 0.001). See also Figure S4.
