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. 2021 Sep 2;338:537–547. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.061

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© 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Fig. 7 — Humoral and cellular immune responses of PVES/mRNA vaccine. (A) Schematic diagram of immunization, sample collection. (B) The SARS-CoV-2 Spike/RBD specific IgG antibody titer was determined by ELISA. The dashed line indicated the detection limit of the assay. mRNA indicated 30 μg mRNA control group, 5 μg, 10 μg and 30 μg represent PVES/mRNA complexes. Data were shown as mean ± SM. (C, D) Cellular immune responses were evaluated by intracellular cytokine staining assays, the proportions of IL-4-secreting CD4⁺ and IFN-γ-secreting CD8⁺ T cells were quantified. Data were shown as mean ± SM. Significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA (****, P < 0.0001).