Table 1.
Sample characteristics.
| Female (n = 613) | Male (n = 602) | Total (n = 1215) | Gender difference | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or M (SD) | n (%) or M (SD) | n (%) or M (SD) | χ2 or F | p | |||||
| COVID-19 impacts | COVID-19 employment impact | 158 | (25.8%) | 137 | (22.8%) | 295 | (24.3%) | 1.50 | 0.2200 |
| COVID-19 financial distress | 209 | (34.1%) | 186 | (30.9%) | 395 | (32.5%) | 1.42 | 0.2342 | |
| COVID-19 exposure | 11 | (1.8%) | 25 | (4.2%) | 36 | (3.0%) | 5.88 | 0.0154 | |
| WSAS score | 21.00 | (8.67) | 20.39 | (9.70) | 20.70 | (9.19) | 1.30 | 0.2544 | |
| Modifiable factors | Less physical activity | 320 | (52.2%) | 275 | (45.7%) | 595 | (49.0%) | 5.17 | 0.0230 |
| (More physical activity) | 126 | (20.6%) | 108 | (17.9%) | 234 | (19.3%) | |||
| Less social activity | 507 | (82.7%) | 465 | (77.2%) | 972 | (80.0%) | 5.67 | 0.0173 | |
| (More social activity) | 44 | (7.2%) | 60 | (10.0%) | 104 | (8.6%) | |||
| Poorer diet | 200 | (32.6%) | 114 | (18.9%) | 314 | (25.8%) | 29.70 | <0.0001 | |
| (Improved diet) | 117 | (19.1%) | 127 | (21.1%) | 244 | (20.1%) | |||
| Less sleep | 242 | (39.5%) | 156 | (25.9%) | 398 | (32.8%) | 25.37 | <0.0001 | |
| (More sleep) | 109 | (17.8%) | 130 | (21.6%) | 240 | (19.8%) | |||
| More alcohol | 107 | (17.5%) | 101 | (16.8%) | 208 | (17.1%) | 0.10 | 0.7539 | |
| (Less alcohol) | 104 | (17.0%) | 127 | (21.1%) | 231 | (19.0%) | |||
| (Non-drinker) | 202 | (33.0%) | 142 | (23.6%) | 344 | (28.3%) | |||
| More cigarettes | 39 | (6.4%) | 60 | (10.0%) | 99 | (8.1%) | 5.27 | 0.0217 | |
| (Fewer cigarettes) | 30 | (4.9%) | 54 | (9.0%) | 84 | (6.9%) | |||
| (Non-smoker) | 450 | (73.4%) | 397 | (65.9%) | 847 | (69.7%) | |||
| Loneliness | 2.93 | (1.85) | 2.96 | (1.77) | 2.95 | (1.81) | 0.10 | 0.7469 | |
| Thwarted belongingness | 3.05 | (1.28) | 3.22 | (1.25) | 3.13 | (1.27) | 5.04 | 0.0249 | |
| Demographics | Age | 42.53 | (15.60) | 49.01 | (18.13) | 45.74 | (17.20) | 44.67 | <0.0001 |
| Years of education | 14.59 | (1.77) | 14.62 | (1.76) | 14.60 | (1.77) | 0.10 | 0.7496 | |
| Have partner | 407 | (66.4%) | 396 | (65.8%) | 803 | (66.1%) | 0.05 | 0.8212 | |
| Live alone | 73 | (11.9%) | 73 | (12.1%) | 146 | (12.0%) | 0.01 | 0.9072 | |
| Outcomes | Psychological distress | 11.50 | (4.93) | 10.28 | (4.83) | 10.90 | (4.92) | 19.08 | <0.0001 |
| Wellbeing | 43.94 | (22.91) | 51.72 | (23.87) | 47.80 | (23.70) | 33.60 | <0.0001 | |