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. 2021 Sep 1;16(14):1135–1151. doi: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0044

Figure 1. . Endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation and endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation-tuning vesicles process.

Figure 1. 

(A) The ERAD process contains three major stages: in recognition, calnexin and calreticulin were binding to misfolded protein along with EDEM1, which responsible to remove mannose residue from polypeptide, then its targeting for OS-9 and forwarding whole complexes to the near of lumen; in retrotranslocation stage SEL1L, Hrd1 and HERB create the transportation complexes with misfolded protein. Then, the polypeptide exits from ER membrane and it undergoes ubiquitination by P97 simultaneously. In final stage, the ubiquitinated protein degrade via proteasome. (B) A short half-living ERAD regulators or low amount of misfolded protein causes to segregate a transport vesicle from ER, which has coating with LC3-I. The OS-9 and EDEM-1 is budding while LC3-I attaching noncovalently to SEL1-L and construct EDEMosome, the vesicle to be formed deliver to lysosome.

ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD: Endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation.