TABLE 2.
HRs (95% CIs) for fatal and nonfatal coronary artery disease according to chocolate consumption in the Million Veteran Program1
| Chocolate serving consumption frequency | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1/mo (n = 43,086) | 1–3/mo (n = 54,276) | 1/wk (n = 34,840) | 2–4/wk (n = 32,711) | ≥5/wk (n = 23,534) | P value for linear trend | P value for quadratic trend | |
| Primary cases, n | 2636 | 2901 | 1774 | 1710 | 1203 | ||
| Deaths, n | 1748 | 1807 | 1238 | 1187 | 966 | ||
| Crude incidence rate, /1000 PY | 19.0 (18.3, 19.7) | 16.5 (15.9, 17.1) | 15.8 (15.1, 16.5) | 16.1 (15.4, 16.9) | 15.7 (14.9, 16.6) | ||
| Crude death rate, /1000 PY | 12.1 (11.5, 12.7) | 9.9 (9.5, 10.4) | 10.6 (10.1, 11.3) | 10.8 (10.2, 11.4) | 12.2 (11.5, 13.0) | ||
| Model 1, HR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92) | 0.83 (0.78, 0.88) | 0.85 (0.80, 0.90) | 0.83 (0.77, 0.89) | <0.0001 | 0.0001 |
| Model 2, HR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.91 (0.86, 0.96) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.92) | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92) | 0.85 (0.79, 0.91) | <0.0001 | 0.0088 |
| Model 3, HR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.92 (0.87, 0.97) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.94) | 0.89 (0.84, 0.95) | 0.89 (0.83, 0.95) | <0.0001 | 0.0069 |
| Model 4, HR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.92 (0.87, 0.97) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.94) | 0.90 (0.84, 0.95) | 0.89 (0.83, 0.95) | ||
1Model 1: unadjusted; Model 2: age-adjusted; Model 3: multivariate-adjusted for age, race, sex, BMI, smoking, physical activity, and alcohol consumption; Model 4: multivariate-adjusted for age, race, sex, BMI, smoking, physical activity, and alcohol consumption, competing risk model. PY, person-years.