Table 2.

Apoptotic effects of extracts or bioactive constituents of Phyllanthus urinaria in cancers.

Extract/bioactive constituent	Cancer type	Study type	Mechanism	Reference
Corilagin	Breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7), MDA-MB-231 and Xenograft	In vitro and in vivo	Downregulation of procaspase-8, procaspase-3, PARP, Bcl-2, and procaspase-9 and upregulation of caspase-8, cleaved PARP, caspase-9, and Bax	[61]
Aqueous	Human cancer cells	In vitro	DNA fragmentation, membrane blebbing, and formation of apoptotic bodies	[62]
Aqueous	Lewis lung carcinoma cell line	In vitro	Induce apoptosis via downregulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of caspase-3	[7]
Aqueous	Human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line	In vitro	DNA fragmentation upregulated caspase-3 and decreased Bcl-2	[63]
Aqueous	Human osteosarcoma 143B cells	In vitro	Activation of Fas receptor/ligand expression, upregulation of Bid, tBid, and Bax, and decreased Bcl-2	[64]
Corilagin	Ovarian cancer cellSKOV3	In vitro	Upregulated caspase-3 activity and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential	[65]
Alcohol	Stomach cancer cell line	In vitro	Apoptosis of MKN28 cell	[66]
Ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water	HEp-2 (alveolar epithelial carcinoma cell line), MCF-7, HeLa (cervical cancer line)	In vitro	Activate caspase-3, caspase-8, and suppress Bcl-2	[67]