Table 1.
Summary of alterations in the CX3CL1–CX3CR1 axis protein levels and mRNA expression reported in the studies in patients with schizophrenia
| Study | CX3CL1 | CX3CR1 | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bergon et al. [154] | NA | mRNA expression, decreased |
Meta-analyses of postmortem brain and blood samples from patients with schizophrenia Brain regions included in the study: the prefrontal, frontal and temporal cortices, cerebellum, hippocampus, striatum and thalamus RT-qPCR examination of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with schizophrenia |
| Fries et al. [155] | NA | mRNA expression, decreased | Genome-wide analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from veterans with schizophrenia |
| Li et al. [156] | NA | mRNA expression, decreased |
Datasets integrated analysis of samples from patients with schizophrenia Hippocampus |
| Gandal et al. [157] | Differential gene expression, decreased | Differential gene expression, decreased |
Analyses of microarray gene expression data of postmortem samples from patients with schizophrenia Frontal and parietal cortex |
| [158] | Differential gene expression, decreased; variously expressed isoforms | Differential gene expression, decreased; variously expressed isoforms |
Analyses of RNA-sequencing data of postmortem samples from patients with schizophrenia Frontal and temporal cortex |
| Ishizuka et al. [159] | NA | Ala55Thr variant in CX3CR1 gene | Destabilization of the receptor gene’s conformation leading to the increased risk of schizophrenia |
| Ormel et al. [160] | NA | mRNA expression, increased in one of the phenotypes within the cells | Monocyte-derived microglia-like cells obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with schizophrenia |
| Zhang et al. [161] | NA | mRNA expression | Postmortem samples from patients with schizophrenia |
| Unchanged (patients with schizophrenia versus controls) | Dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex | ||
| Increased (suicide completers with schizophrenia versus non-suicide subjects affected by the condition) | Anterior cingulate cortex | ||
| Hill et al. [162] | mRNA expression, unchanged | mRNA expression, unchanged | Postmortem samples from patients with schizophrenia |
| Orbitofrontal cortex | |||
| Protein level, decreased | Protein level, unchanged | Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex |
NA not assessed