Table 2.
Overall and Pairwise Comparisons of Internalizing Symptoms from Waves 1 to 4 (N = 1041).
| Internalizing symptoms | Mean | Standard deviation |
| Wave 1 | 5.30 | 5.04 |
| Wave 2 | 5.46 | 5.13 |
| Wave 3 | 5.43 | 5.24 |
| Wave 4 | 4.88 | 5.29 |
| Overall test of equality of means | χ2 = 9.25, df = 3, p = .026 | |
| Pairwise comparisons | ||
| Wave 1 vs Wave 2 | χ2 = 1.19, df = 1, p = .275, drm = .05 | |
| Wave 1 vs Wave 3 | χ2 = 0.61, df = 1, p = .434, drm = .03 | |
| Wave 1 vs Wave 4 | χ2 = 4.17, df = 1, p = .041, drm = .09 | |
| Wave 2 vs Wave 3 | χ2 = 0.04, df = 1, p = .835, drm = .01 | |
| Wave 2 vs Wave 4 | χ2 = 7.83, df = 1, p = .005, drm = .15 | |
| Wave 3 vs Wave 4 | χ2 = 7.70, df = 1, p = .006, drm = .15 | |
Note: χ2 = chi-square test; df = degrees of freedom; p = statistically significance; drm = Cohen's d with a repeated measures correction; significant pairwise comparisons in bold. Wave 1 = 31st March – 5th April 2020; Wave 2 = 30th April – 19th May 2020; Wave 3 = 16th July – 8th August 2020; Wave 4 = 2nd December – 22nd December 2020.