Table 1.
Study characteristics
| First author (year) | Journal | Study design | Study sites (countries) | Patient description | Study period | Population (n) | Reason for exclusion (n) | Number of patients including in the analysis | Age (years) | Sex (n, male/female) | Diagnosis of COVID-19 by RT-PCR | Other tests for cardiac evaluation | Presence of cardiac symptoms at the time of CMR | Cardiac enzyme level at the time of CMR | Population restricted to athletes | CMR field strength | CMR scan time | CMR sequences |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ng et al. (2020) | JACC Cardiovasc Imaging | Retrospective, single-center, observational | Hong Kong | Recovered COVID-19 patients | NA | 16 | Ischemic etiology (1) | 15 | Median 68 (IQR: 53–69) | 9/7 | Yes | Troponin, CRP | Various (5/16) | Undetermined | No | 1.5 T (GE) | Median 56 days after recovery | Cine, Mapping (T1 and T2), LGE |
| Huang et al. (2020) | JACC Cardiovasc Imaging | Retrospective, single-center, observational | China | Recovered COVID-19 patients | NA | 26 | None | 26 | Median 38 (IQR: 32–45) | 10/16 | Yes | hs-troponin I assay | Yes (26) | Normal (26) | No | 3 T (Skyra, Siemens) | Median 47 days (IQR: 36–58) after symptom onset | Cine, T2WI, mapping (T1 and T2), LGE |
| Rajpal et al. (2020) | JAMA Cardiol | Prospective, single-center, observational | U.S | Athletes recovered from COVID-19 | Between June 2020 and August 2020 | 26 | None | 26 | Mean 19.5 (SD: 1.5) | 16/10 | Yes | ECG, troponin I assay, echocardiography | Various (12/26) | Normal (26) | Yes | 1.5 T (Magnetom Sola, Siemens) | 11–53 days after recommended quarantine | Cine, mapping (T1 and T2), LGE, ECV |
| Knight et al. (2020) | Circulation | Retrospective, single-center, observational | England | Recovered COVID-19 | Until April 2020 | 51 | Acute coronary syndromes (6) pulmonary emboli (12), or known cardiac pathology (7) | 29 | Mean (SD) 64 (9) | 24/5 | Yes | NR | Yes (29) | Undetermined | No | 1.5 T (Avanto Aera;Siemens) | Mean 46 days after symptom onset | Cine, Mapping (T1 and T2), LGE, Adenosine stress perfusion |
| Puntmann et al. (2020) | JAMA Cardiol | Prospective, single-center, observational | Germany | Recovered COVID-19 patients | Between April 2020 and June 2020 | 100 | None | 100 | Mean 49 (SD: 14) | 53/47 | Yes | Hs-troponin T assay | Various (36/100) | Undetermined | No | 3 T (Skyra, Siemens) | Median 71 (IQR 64–92) after COVID-19 diagnosis | Cine, Mapping (T1 and T2) LGE |
| Eiros et al. (2020) | MedRxiv | Retrospective, single-center observational | Spain | Recovered COVID-19 patients (health care workers) | Between May 25, 2020 and June 12, 2020 | 142 | Claustrophobia (1),history of hypertrophic myocardiopathy (1), inherited immune deficiency (1) | 139 | Median 52 (IQR: 41–57) | 39/100 | 103 diagnosed by RT-PCR, 36 by serology | ECG; NT-pro-BNP and hs-troponin T assays | Various (91/139) | Normal (138), elevated (1) | No | 1.5 T (Achiva, Philips) | Median 10.4 (IQR: 9.3–11.0) weeks after symptom onsetb | Cine, T2WI Mapping (T1 and T2), LGE |
| Vago et al. (2020) | JACC Cardiovasc Imaging | Retrospective, single-center observational | Hungary | Athletes recovered from COVID-19 | NA | 12 | None | 12 | Median 23 (IQR: 20–23) | 2/10 | Yes | CRP, NT-pro-BNP, and hs-troponin T assays | Yes (12) | Normal (11), undetermined (1) | Yes | 1.5 T (Magnetom, Aera, Siemens) | Median 17 (IQR: 17–19) days after positive PCR in 10 female athletes, 67 and 90 days in 2 male athletes | Cine, T2WI, mapping (T1 and T2), LGE |
| Brito et al. (2020) | JACC Cardiovasc Imaging | Retrospective, single-center observational | U.S | Student athletes recovered from COVID-19 | By August 2020 | 54 | Claustrophobia (1), no CMR (5) | 48 | Median 19 (range 19–21)a | 46/8a | PCR or antibody test | Echocardiography, troponin I assay, ECG | Various (37/48) | Undetermined | Yes | 1.5 T (Magnetom, Aera; Siemens) | Median 27 days (range 22–33 days) from diagnosis of COVID-19 | Cine, T2WI, mapping (T1 and T2), LGE |
| Clark et al. (2021) | Circulation | Retrospective, single-center, observational | U.S | Athletes recovered from COVID-19 | Since August 2020 | 22 | None | 22 | Median 20 | 9/11 | Yes | ECG, troponin I assay, echocardiography | NR | Normal (18) | Yes | 1.5 T (Avanto fit, Siemens) | Median 52 days after COVID-19 diagnosis | Cine, mapping (T1 and T2), LGE, ECV |
| Malek et al. (2021) | J Magn Reson Imaging | Retrospective, single-center observational | Germany | Student athletes recovered from COVID-19 | Diagnosed COVID-19 between August and October 2020 | 26 | None | 26 | Median 19 (IQR 19–21) | 5/21 | Yes | ECG, CRP, hs-troponin I assay | NR | Normal (26) | Yes | 1.5 T (Magnetom Avanto Fit, Siemens) | Median 32 days (IQR 22–62 days) after diagnosis | Cine, T2WI, Mapping (T1 and T2), LGE |
| Li et al. (2021) | Radiology | Prospective, single-center, observational | China | Recovered COVID-19 patients | Between May and September 2020 | 78 | Due to discharge < 90 days (n = 5), abnormal cardiac enzyme (n = 3), abnormal ECG findings (n = 4), not underwent CMR (n = 16), history of cardiovascular disease or HTN (7), contrast allergy (1), image quality (2) | 40 | Mean 54 (SD: 12) | 24/160 | Yes | ECG, CRP, CK, CKMB Troponin I assays | No | Normal (40) | No | 3 T (Skyra, Siemens) | Mean 124 ± 17 days after discharge, Mean 158 ± 18 after admission | Cine, LGE, Strain |
| Starekova et al. (2021) | JAMA Cardiology | Retrospective, single-center observational | U.S | Athletes recovered from COVID-19 | Between January 1, 2020, and November 29, 2020 | 145 | none | 145 | Mean 20 (range: 17–23) | 108/37 | Yes | ECG, Troponin I, NT-proBNP, CRP, ESR assays and echocardiography | Various (1/145) | Normal (141), elevated (2) | Yes | 1.5 T or 3 T (GE) | Median 15 days after diagnosis | Cine, T2WI, Mapping (T1 and T2), LGE |
| Wang et al. (2021) | J Cardiovasc Magn Reson | Prospective, single-center, observational | China | Recovered COVID-19 patients | From May 8 to July 20, 2020 | 47 | History of cardiovascular disease (3) | 44 | Mean 47.6 (SD: 13.3) | 19/25 | Yes | NR | NR | Undetermined | No | 3 T (Ingenia, Philips) | Mean 102.5 ± 20.6 days after diagnosis | Cine, T2WI, T2 star map, LGE, strain |
| Pan et al. (2021) | J Magn Reson Imaging | Prospective, single-center observational | China | Recovered COVID-19 patients | Between March 2020 and April 2020 | 31 | History of cardiovascular disease, presence of cardiac symptoms, or elevated cardiac enzymes (10) | 21 | Median 36 (IQR: 31–47) | 10/11 | Yes | NR | No | Undetermined | No | 3 T (Signa, GE) | Median 46 day (IQR 43–50 days) | Cine, T2WI, Mapping (T1 and T2) |
| Zhou et al. (2021) | Plos one | Prospective, single-center, observational | Hong Kong | Recovered COVID-19 patients | Diagnosed up to April 2020 | 97 | No CMR (85) | 12 | Mean 46.5 (SD:18.6)a | 52/45a | Yes | ECG, Troponin I, NT-proBNP assay and echocardiography | NR | Normal (7), elevated (4) | No | NR | NR | Cine, T2WI, LGE |
| Kotecha et al. (2021) | Eur Heart J | Retrospective, Multicenter study | U.K | Recovered COVID-19 patients | Discharged up to 20 June 2020 | 820 | No CMR (672) | 148 | Mean 64 (SD:12) | 104/44 | Yes | NR | NR | Undetermined | No | 1.5 T (Magnetom, Aera, Siemens) | Median 56 days (IQR 30–88 days) after discharge | Cine, Mapping (T1 and T2), LGE, stress perfusion |
CMR cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, CRP C-reactive protein, ECG electrocardiography, ECV extracellular volume, hs-troponin T high-sensitivity troponin T, IQR interquartile range, LGE late gadolinium enhancement, NA not available, NR not reported, NT-pro-BNP N-terminal pro-natriuretic peptide, PCR polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR real-time polymerase chain reaction, SD standard deviation, T2w T2-weighted imaging, US United States, WBC white blood count
aOnly provided value of the entire study population
bMedian 9.4 weeks (IQR: 8.1–10.0 weeks) and median 4.4 weeks (IQR: 3.6–5.0 weeks) after the positive RT-PCR test and diagnosed through antibodies testing, respectively