Table 1.
Comparison of performance among symmetric FDI systems, including SEC, ASAR, and the percent salt removed from the initial concentration of each study. MHCF compounds denote different Prussian blue analogue materials using a certain inactive transition metal M in its lattice, while AEM and CEM denote anion and cation exchange membranes, respectively. Values in parentheses indicate those obtained at optimal thermodynamic energy efficiency (TEE), whereas the remaining values are shown for those obtained at maximum salt removal.
| SEC (kJ/mol) | ASAR (µmol/cm2-min) | Influent salinity (mM) | Diluate salinity (mM) | % Salt Removal | Active material and separator | Other comments | Ref. no. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10.9 (5.7) | 0.51 (0.53) | 100 | 10 (20) | 90 (80) | NiHCF/AEM /NiHCF | parallel flow-through; recirculating | this work |
| 7.16 | 0.46 | 200 | 96 | 52 | NiHCF/AEM/NiHCF | parallel flow-through; recirculating | this work |
| 18.0 | 2.73 | 100 | 73 | 27 | NiHCF/AEM /NiHCF | parallel flow-through | (Reale et al., 2019) |
| 10.1 | 0.45 | 20 | 17.5 | 12.5 | carbon/CEM /carbon | transverse flow-through; carbon cloth modified with silane groups | (Arulrajan et al., 2019) |
| 6.44 | 0.31 | 477 | 286.2 | 40 | NiHCF/AEM /FeHCF | no flow | (Lee et al., 2017) |
| 2.4 | 0.34 | 25 | 17.5 | 30 | CuHCF/AEM/CuHCF | flow-by | (Kim et al., 2017) |
| 5.6 | 0.25 | 500 | 400 | 20 | NiHCF/CEM/AEM /CEM/FeHCF | Nafion-coated particles, flow-by divided by membranes | (Ahn et al., 2020a) |
| 27.0 | 6.2 | 500 | 100 | 80 | Ag/CEM /AgCl | no flow | (Ahn et al., 2020b) |
| 13.76 | 0.534 | 50 | 35 | 30 | CuHCF/AEM/CuHCF | parallel flow-through | (Son et al., 2020) |
| 21.1 | 3.85 | 50 | 41.7 | 16.7 | BiOCl/CEM /BiO | parallel flow-through | (Liu et al., 2021) |
| 23.04 | 0.104 | 20 | 15 | 25 | NiHCF/AEM /NiHCF | recirculating | (Pothanamkandathil et al., 2020) |