TABLE 2.
Demographic, clinical and pharmacological features of BP clusters regarding EP
| Cluster | Statistics | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Poor performance (N=61) | Good Performance (N=151) | df | T or X2 | p value |
| Demographic and Clinical characteristics | |||||
| Gender (n, % female) | 22 (36.1) | 80 (53.0) | 1 | 5.18 | 0.033 |
| Race (n, % white) | 20 (32.8) | 80 (53.7) | 1 | 7.58 | 0.006 |
| Years of education | 13.5 (2.1) | 14.6 (2.6) | 137.9 | 2.94 | 0.004 |
| BD Subtype (n, % BD I) | 46 (75.4) | 123 (82.0) | 1 | 1.18 | 0.341 |
| Psychotic Symptoms (n, %) | 22 (36.1) | 65 (43.3) | 1 | 0.95 | 0.358 |
| Rapid Cycling (n, %) | 6 (9.8) | 18 (12.5) | 1 | 0.29 | 0.812 |
| Age at first manic episode (mean, SD) | 27.4 (11.1) | 23.5 (6.8) | 78.5 | −2.57 | 0.012 |
| Number of psych hospitalizations per year (mean, SD) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.4) | 209 | 0.94 | 0.351 |
| Number of suicide attempts per year (mean, SD) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.1) | 209 | −0.14 | 0.886 |
| Number of mood episodes per year (mean, SD) | 1.2 (1.2) | 1.8 (3.9) | 202 | 1.14 | 0.254 |
| CARS-M score (mean, SD) | 3.4 (4.0) | 3.4 (4.4) | 209 | −0.01 | 0.989 |
| HDRS score (mean, SD) | 6.1 (5.9) | 8.3 (6.8) | 207 | 2.16 | 0.032 |
| Premorbid Traits | |||||
| Premorbid Adjustment – Childhood Score (6-11y) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.2) | 118.6 | −0.80 | 0.424 |
| Premorbid Adjustment – Early Adolescence Score (12-15y) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.2) | 201 | −1.35 | 0.179 |
| SPQ Ideas of Reference Score | 4.0 (3.1) | 2.9 (2.6) | 203 | 2.75 | 0.007 |
| SPQ Unusual Perceptual Experiences Score | 3.0 (2.9) | 2.4 (2.4) | 144.4 | 2.30 | 0.02 |
| SPQ – No Close Friends Score | 4.4 (3.0) | 3.6 (2.7) | 204 | 1.95 | 0.02 |
| SPQ – Odd Speech Score | 3.6 (2.7) | 4.3 (2.6) | 202 | −1.91 | 0.05 |
| SPQ – Suspiciousness Score | 3.8 (2.8) | 3.7 (2.8) | 202 | 0.09 | 0.922 |
| Childhood Trauma Total Score | |||||
| CTQ Physical Abuse subscore | 9.8 (5.1) | 8.6 (4.3) | 204 | −1.75 | 0.08 |
| CTQ Physical Neglect subscore | 11.5 (3.5) | 10.2 (2.5) | 205 | −2.64 | 0.009 |
| CTQ Sexual Abuse subscore | 9.2 (5.7) | 7.3 (4.3) | 86.9 | −2.36 | 0.02 |
| Neurocognitive functioning | |||||
| MCCB composite T-score | 38.6 (8.2) | 44.7 (6.9) | 204 | 5.42 | < 0.001 |
| WRAT-3 standard score | 93.4 (15.0) | 104.2 (13.9) | 209 | 4.97 | < 0.001 |
| Pharmacological Exposure | |||||
| Use of antipsychotics (%) | 31 (50.8) | 75 (50.7) | 1 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
| Use of lithium (%) | 7 (11.5) | 17 (11.5) | 1 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
| Use of anticonvulsants (%) | 23 (37.7) | 63 (42.6) | 1 | 0.42 | 0.54 |
| Use of benzodiazepines [%) | 4 (6.6) | 16 (10.8) | 1 | 0.90 | 0.44 |
| Global and Financial Functioning | |||||
| UPSA total score | 16.3 (2.4) | 17.2 (2.0) | 95.5 | 2.70 | 0.008 |
| UPSA finance skills | 8.8 (1.8) | 9.4 (1.4) | 94.4 | 2.38 | 0.02 |
| UPSA communication skills | 7.5 (1.1) | 7.8 (1.1) | 206 | 1.89 | 0.06 |
| SAS total score | 2.0 (0.5) | 2.4 (0.6) | 209 | 3.49 | 0.001 |
| Comorbid Substance Use | |||||
| Current alcohol abuse (n, %) | 9 (14.8) | 49 (32.5) | 1 | 8.5 | 0.014 |
| Lifetime substance abuse (n, %) | 32 (52.5) | 65 (44.5) | 1 | 1.27 | 0.288 |
| Impulsivity Traits | |||||
| BIS total score | |||||
| Impulsivity Motor sub-score | 24.1 (5.3) | 25.0 (5.5) | 208 | 0.99 | 0.32 |
| Impulsivity Attentional sub-score | 17.0 (3.3) | 17.9 (4.6) | 151.0 | 1.50 | 0.136 |
| Impulsivity Non-Planning sub-score | 26.5 (4.8) | 26.7 (5.5) | 208 | 0.24 | 0.808 |
SD: Standard Deviation, BD: Bipolar Disorder, CARS-M: Clinical Administered Rating Scale for Mania, HDRS: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 24 item, SPQ: Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire, CTQ: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, MCCB: MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, WRAT-3: Wide Range Achievement Test, UPSA: University Of California, San Diego Performance-Based Skills Assessment, AUDIT: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, BIS: Barratt Impulsivity Scale. Data represented as % or Mean (±SD).