Table 6.
Factors associated with high levels of fear of COVID-19 among the study participants (based on FCV-19S score).
| Characteristics | High (score 22–35), n (%) | Low (score 7–21), n (%) | Unadjusted analyses | Adjusted analyses | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p | OR | 95% CI | p | AOR | 95% CI | |||
| Total study participants | 357 | 571 | ||||||
| Age groups | 357 | 571 | ||||||
| 18–29 years | 174 (48.7) | 262 (45.9) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 30–59 years | 172 (48.2) | 290 (50.8) | 0.410 | 0.89 | 0.68–1.17 | 0.952 | 1.01 | 0.76–1.34 |
| ≥60 years | 11 (3.1) | 19 (3.3) | 0.726 | 0.87 | 0.40–1.88 | 0.691 | 1.18 | 0.52–2.65 |
| Gender | 357 | 571 | ||||||
| Male | 165 (46.2) | 295 (51.7) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Female | 192 (53.8) | 276 (48.3) | 0.106 | 1.24 | 0.95–1.62 | 0.265 | 1.18 | 0.88–1.56 |
| Living status | 352 | 556 | ||||||
| Live without family members (on your own/shared house/others) | 26 (7.4) | 68 (12.2) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Live with family members (partner and/or children) | 326 (92.6) | 488 (87.8) | 0.020 | 1.75 | 1.09–2.80 | 0.028 | 1.74 | 1.06–2.87 |
| Residence location in Bangladesh | 357 | 571 | ||||||
| Urban | 275 (77.0) | 399 (69.9) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Rural | 82 (23.0) | 172 (30.1) | 0.017 | 0.69 | 0.51–0.94 | 0.321 | 0.84 | 0.60–1.18 |
| Born in Bangladesh | 357 | 570 | ||||||
| No | 2 (0.6) | 15 (2.6) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 355 (99.4) | 555 (97.4) | 0.022 | 4.80 | 1.09–21.1 | 0.037 | 4.98 | 1.10–22.4 |
| Completed level of education | 353 | 570 | ||||||
| Primary | 4 (1.1) | 21 (3.7) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Secondary | 82 (23.2) | 175 (30.7) | 0.109 | 2.46 | 0.82–7.40 | 0.167 | 2.21 | 0.72–6.78 |
| Trade/Certificate/Diploma | 2 (0.6) | 15 (2.6) | 0.701 | 0.70 | 0.11–4.33 | 0.704 | 0.70 | 0.11–4.44 |
| Degree (Bachelor) | 128 (36.3) | 194 (34.0) | 0.026 | 3.46 | 1.16–10.3 | 0.020 | 3.83 | 1.23–11.9 |
| Masters and above | 137 (38.8) | 165 (28.9) | 0.008 | 4.36 | 1.46–13.0 | 0.012 | 4.32 | 1.38–13.5 |
| Current employment condition | 349 | 560 | ||||||
| Unemployed/Home duties | 122 (35.0) | 212 (37.9) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Jobs affected by COVID-19 (lost job/working hours reduced/afraid of job loss) | 39 (11.2) | 70 (12.5) | 0.888 | 0.97 | 0.62–1.52 | 0.252 | 0.74 | 0.45–1.23 |
| Have an income source (employed/Government benefits) | 188 (53.9) | 278 (49.6) | 0.275 | 1.18 | 0.88–1.57 | 0.280 | 0.81 | 0.56–1.18 |
| Perceived distress due to change of employment status | 342 | 547 | ||||||
| A little to none | 174 (50.9) | 336 (61.4) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Moderate to a great deal | 168 (49.1) | 211 (38.6) | 0.002 | 1.54 | 1.17–2.02 | 0.003 | 1.56 | 1.16–2.11 |
| Self-identification as a frontline or essential service worker | 343 | 549 | ||||||
| No | 165 (48.1) | 299 (54.5) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 178 (51.9) | 250 (45.5) | 0.064 | 1.29 | 0.99–1.69 | 0.118 | 1.30 | 0.94–1.81 |
| COVID-19 impacted financial situation | 357 | 571 | ||||||
| No | 112 (31.4) | 227 (39.8) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 245 (68.6) | 344 (60.2) | 0.010 | 1.44 | 1.09–1.91 | 0.000 | 1.78 | 1.31–2.40 |
| Co-morbidities | 355 | 567 | ||||||
| No | 212 (59.7) | 387 (68.3) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Psychiatric/Mental health problem | 17 (4.8) | 22 (3.9) | 0.303 | 1.41 | 0.73–2.71 | 0.173 | 1.65 | 0.80–3.40 |
| Other co-morbidities* | 76 (21.4) | 113 (19.9) | 0.231 | 1.23 | 0.88–1.72 | 0.156 | 1.30 | 0.91–1.86 |
| Multiple co-morbidities | 50 (14.1) | 45 (7.9) | 0.001 | 2.03 | 1.31–3.14 | 0.002 | 2.04 | 1.29–3.24 |
| Smoking | 357 | 571 | ||||||
| Never smoker | 291 (81.5) | 460 (80.6) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Ever smoker (Daily/Non-daily/Ex) | 66 (18.5) | 111 (19.4) | 0.719 | 0.94 | 0.67–1.32 | 0.716 | 1.07 | 0.73–1.58 |
| Increased smoking in the last 4 weeks | 46 | 71 | ||||||
| No | 28 (60.9) | 52 (73.2) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 18 (39.1) | 19 (26.8) | 0.160 | 1.76 | 0.80–3.88 | 0.067 | 2.38 | 0.94–6.00 |
| Current alcohol drinking (last 4 weeks) | 352 | 566 | ||||||
| No | 342 (97.2) | 546 (96.5) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 10 (2.8) | 20 (3.5) | 0.566 | 0.80 | 0.37–1.73 | 0.674 | 1.20 | 0.52–2.75 |
| Increased alcohol drinking over the last 4 weeks | 8 | 18 | ||||||
| No | 7 (87.5) | 12 (66.7) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 1 (12.5) | 6 (33.3) | 0.269 | 0.29 | 0.03–2.89 | 0.706 | 0.45 | 0.01–27.5 |
| Provided care to a family member/patient with known/suspected case of COVID-19 | 354 | 565 | ||||||
| No | 163 (46.0) | 278 (49.2) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 191 (54.0) | 287 (50.8) | 0.351 | 1.14 | 0.87–1.48 | 0.836 | 0.97 | 0.72–1.31 |
| Experience related to COVID-19 pandemic | 343 | 543 | ||||||
| No known exposure to COVID-19 | 240 (70.0) | 395 (72.7) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| I had recent overseas travel history and was in self-quarantine | 13 (3.8) | 14 (2.6) | 0.281 | 1.53 | 0.71–3.31 | 0.102 | 2.03 | 0.87–4.76 |
| I had been tested negative for COVID-19 but self-isolating | 64 (18.7) | 100 (18.4) | 0.773 | 1.05 | 0.74–1.50 | 0.506 | 1.13 | 0.78–1.65 |
| I had been tested positive for COVID-19 | 26 (7.6) | 34 (6.3) | 0.400 | 1.26 | 0.74–2.15 | 0.534 | 1.20 | 0.67–2.16 |
| Self-identification as a patient (visited a healthcare provider in the last 4 weeks) | 350 | 566 | ||||||
| No | 237 (67.7) | 421 (74.4) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 113 (32.3) | 145 (25.6) | 0.029 | 1.38 | 1.03–1.86 | 0.003 | 1.60 | 1.18–2.18 |
| Healthcare service use in the last 4 weeks | 159 | 202 | ||||||
| Telehealth consultation/Use of national helpline | 69 (43.4) | 82 (40.6) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| In-person visit to a healthcare provider | 85 (53.5) | 115 (56.9) | 0.550 | 0.88 | 0.57–1.34 | 0.590 | 1.14 | 0.72–1.80 |
| Used both services | 5 (3.1) | 5 (2.5) | 0.792 | 1.19 | 0.33–4.28 | 0.410 | 1.83 | 0.44–7.68 |
| Level of psychological distress (K10 categories) | 357 | 571 | ||||||
| Low (score 10–15) | 58 (16.2) | 226 (39.6) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Moderate to Very High (score 16–50) | 299 (83.8) | 345 (60.4) | 0.000 | 3.38 | 2.43–4.69 | 0.000 | 3.29 | 2.31–4.69 |
| Level of coping (BRCS categories) | 357 | 571 | ||||||
| Low resilient coping (score 4–13) | 156 (43.7) | 242 (42.4) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Medium to high resilient coping (score 14–20) | 201 (56.3) | 329 (57.6) | 0.694 | 0.95 | 0.73–1.24 | 0.345 | 0.87 | 0.66–1.16 |
| Healthcare service use to overcome COVID-19 related stress in the last 4 weeks | 353 | 562 | ||||||
| No | 320 (90.7) | 526 (93.6) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 33 (9.3) | 36 (6.4) | 0.101 | 1.51 | 0.92–2.47 | 0.057 | 1.68 | 0.99–2.87 |
Adjusted for: age, gender, living status, residence location, born in Bangladesh, education and employment.
*
Cardiac disases/Stroke/Hypertension/Hyperlipidemia/Diabetes/Cancer/Chronic respiratory illness.
Significant results are indicated as bold and italic.