Table 7.
Factors associated with medium to high resilience coping among the study participants (based on BRCS score).
| Characteristics | Medium to High (score 14–20), n (%) | Low (score 4–13), n (%) | Unadjusted analyses | Adjusted analyses | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p | OR | 95% CI | p | AOR | 95% CI | |||
| Total study participants | 530 | 398 | ||||||
| Age groups | 530 | 398 | ||||||
| 18–29 years | 237 (44.7) | 199 (50.0) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 30–59 years | 275 (51.9) | 187 (47.0) | 0.118 | 1.23 | 0.95–1.61 | 0.191 | 1.21 | 0.91–1.60 |
| ≥60 years | 18 (3.4) | 12 (3.0) | 0.549 | 1.26 | 0.59–2.68 | 0.381 | 1.43 | 0.64–3.18 |
| Gender | 530 | 398 | ||||||
| Male | 257 (48.5) | 203 (51.0) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Female | 273 (51.5) | 195 (49.0) | 0.448 | 1.11 | 0.85–1.43 | 0.791 | 1.04 | 0.79–1.37 |
| Living status | 524 | 384 | ||||||
| Live without family members (on your own/shared house/others) | 46 (8.8) | 48 (12.5) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Live with family members (partner and/or children) | 478 (91.2) | 336 (87.5) | 0.069 | 1.48 | 0.97–2.28 | 0.093 | 1.47 | 0.94–2.31 |
| Residence location in Bangladesh | 530 | 398 | ||||||
| Urban | 396 (74.7) | 278 (69.8) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Rural | 134 (25.3) | 120 (30.2) | 0.100 | 0.78 | 0.59–1.05 | 0.145 | 0.78 | 0.57–1.09 |
| Born in Bangladesh | 529 | 398 | ||||||
| No | 8 (1.5) | 9 (2.3) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 521 (98.5) | 389 (97.7) | 0.400 | 1.51 | 0.58–3.94 | 0.533 | 1.38 | 0.50–3.76 |
| Completed level of education | 526 | 397 | ||||||
| Primary | 13 (2.5) | 12 (3.0) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Secondary | 155 (29.5) | 102 (25.7) | 0.421 | 1.40 | 0.62–3.20 | 0.623 | 1.24 | 0.52–2.93 |
| Trade/Certificate/Diploma | 10 (1.9) | 7 (1.8) | 0.663 | 1.32 | 0.38–4.58 | 0.793 | 0.84 | 0.23–3.06 |
| Degree (Bachelor) | 166 (31.6) | 156 (39.3) | 0.966 | 0.98 | 0.44–2.22 | 0.540 | 0.76 | 0.32–1.83 |
| Masters and above | 182 (34.6) | 120 (30.2) | 0.420 | 1.40 | 0.62–3.17 | 0.987 | 0.99 | 0.41–2.41 |
| Current employment condition | 520 | 389 | ||||||
| Unemployed/Home duties | 182 (35.0) | 152 (39.1) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Jobs affected by COVID-19 (lost job/working hours reduced/afraid of job loss) | 57 (11.0) | 52 (13.4) | 0.689 | 0.92 | 0.59–1.41 | 0.935 | 0.98 | 0.61–1.59 |
| Have an income source (employed/Government benefits) | 281 (54.0) | 185 (47.6) | 0.101 | 1.27 | 0.95–1.69 | 0.041 | 1.46 | 1.02–2.11 |
| Perceived distress due to change of employment status | 512 | 377 | ||||||
| A little to none | 309 (60.4) | 201 (53.3) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Moderate to a great deal | 203 (39.6) | 176 (46.7) | 0.036 | 0.75 | 0.57–0.98 | 0.094 | 0.78 | 0.58–1.04 |
| Self-identification as a frontline or essential service worker | 513 | 379 | ||||||
| No | 279 (54.4) | 185 (48.8) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 234 (45.6) | 194 (51.2) | 0.100 | 0.80 | 0.61–1.04 | 0.047 | 0.72 | 0.52–1.00 |
| COVID-19 impacted financial situation | 530 | 398 | ||||||
| No | 202 (38.1) | 137 (34.4) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 328 (61.9) | 261 (65.6) | 0.248 | 0.85 | 0.65–1.12 | 0.554 | 0.92 | 0.69–1.22 |
| Co-morbidities | 528 | 394 | ||||||
| No | 349 (66.1) | 250 (63.5) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Psychiatric/Mental health problem | 12 (2.3) | 27 (6.9) | 0.001 | 0.32 | 0.16–0.64 | 0.001 | 0.25 | 0.11–0.54 |
| Other co-morbidities* | 114 (21.6) | 75 (19.0) | 0.617 | 1.09 | 0.78–1.52 | 0.603 | 1.10 | 0.77–1.56 |
| Multiple co-morbidities | 53 (10.0) | 42 (10.7) | 0.650 | 0.90 | 0.58–1.40 | 0.405 | 0.82 | 0.52–1.30 |
| Smoking | 530 | 398 | ||||||
| Never smoker | 427 (80.6) | 324 (81.4) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Ever smoker (Daily/Non-daily/Ex) | 103 (19.4) | 74 (18.6) | 0.747 | 1.06 | 0.76–1.47 | 0.358 | 1.19 | 0.82–1.74 |
| Increased smoking in the last 4 weeks | 67 | 50 | ||||||
| No | 46 (68.7) | 34 (68.0) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 21 (31.3) | 16 (32.0) | 0.940 | 0.97 | 0.44–2.13 | 0.781 | 1.15 | 0.43–3.05 |
| Current alcohol drinking (last 4 weeks) | 526 | 392 | ||||||
| No | 513 (97.5) | 375 (95.7) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 13 (2.5) | 17 (4.3) | 0.116 | 0.56 | 0.27–1.17 | 0.400 | 0.71 | 0.33–1.56 |
| Increased alcohol drinking over the last 4 weeks | 12 | 14 | ||||||
| No | 10 (83.3) | 9 (64.3) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 2 (16.7) | 5 (35.7) | 0.275 | 0.36 | 0.06–2.34 | 0.363 | 0.17 | 0.00–7.52 |
| Provided care to a family member/patient with known/suspected case of COVID-19 | 528 | 391 | ||||||
| No | 252 (47.7) | 189 (48.3) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 276 (52.3) | 202 (51.7) | 0.855 | 1.03 | 0.79–1.33 | 0.962 | 1.01 | 0.75–1.35 |
| Experience related to COVID-19 pandemic | 507 | 379 | ||||||
| No known exposure to COVID-19 | 347 (68.4) | 288 (76.0) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| I had recent overseas travel history and was in self-quarantine | 18 (3.6) | 9 (2.4) | 0.223 | 1.66 | 0.73–3.75 | 0.080 | 2.25 | 0.91–5.56 |
| I had been tested negative for COVID-19 but self-isolating | 101 (19.9) | 63 (16.6) | 0.111 | 1.33 | 0.94–1.89 | 0.124 | 1.33 | 0.92–1.93 |
| I had been tested positive for COVID-19 | 41 (8.1) | 19 (5.0) | 0.044 | 1.79 | 1.02–3.15 | 0.089 | 1.70 | 0.92–3.14 |
| Self-identification as a patient (visited a healthcare provider in the last 4 weeks) | 527 | 389 | ||||||
| No | 371 (70.4) | 287 (73.8) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 156 (29.6) | 102 (26.2) | 0.261 | 1.18 | 0.88–1.59 | 0.317 | 1.17 | 0.86–1.58 |
| Healthcare service use in the last 4 weeks | 207 | 154 | ||||||
| Telehealth consultation/Use of national helpline | 93 (44.9) | 58 (37.7) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| In-person visit to a healthcare provider | 111 (53.6) | 89 (57.8) | 0.253 | 0.78 | 0.51–1.20 | 0.487 | 0.84 | 0.52–1.36 |
| Used both services | 3 (1.4) | 7 (4.5) | 0.063 | 0.27 | 0.07–1.07 | 0.160 | 0.34 | 0.07–1.54 |
| Level of psychological distress (K10 categories) | 530 | 398 | ||||||
| Low (score 10–15) | 167 (31.5) | 117 (29.4) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Moderate to Very High (score 16–50) | 363 (68.5) | 281 (70.6) | 0.490 | 0.91 | 0.68–1.20 | 0.162 | 0.80 | 0.59–1.09 |
| Level of fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S categories) | 530 | 398 | ||||||
| Low (score 7–21) | 329 (62.1) | 242 (60.8) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| High (score 22–35) | 201 (37.9) | 156 (39.2) | 0.694 | 0.95 | 0.73–1.24 | 0.369 | 0.88 | 0.66–1.17 |
| Healthcare service use to overcome COVID-19 related stress in the last 4 weeks | 524 | 391 | ||||||
| No | 484 (92.4) | 362 (92.6) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 40 (7.6) | 29 (7.4) | 0.902 | 1.03 | 0.63–1.70 | 0.770 | 1.08 | 0.63–1.85 |
Adjusted for: age, gender, living status, residence location, born in Bangladesh, education and employment.
*
Cardiac disases/Stroke/Hypertension/Hyperlipidemia/Diabetes/Cancer/Chronic respiratory illness.
Significant results are indicated as bold and italic.