Table 7.
Subgroup analysis of prevalence estimates of Salmonella and E. coli in environmental samples in Ethiopia
| Risk factors | Subgroup variables | Prevalence (95% CI) |
τ2 | I2 | Q (P value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Administrative regional states or city council | Oromia | 13.6(8.6–20.7) | 1.34 | 96.1% | 539.1(< 0.01) |
| Somali | 10(4.2–21.9) | 1.34 | 95.9% | 147.2(< 0.01) | |
| SNNP | 8.2(3.3–19.1) | 1.34 | 96.2% | 131.6(< 0.01) | |
| Amhara | 20(11.4–32.7) | 1.34 | 96.5% | 341.2(< 0.01) | |
| Addis Ababa | 6.2(2.8–13.2) | 1.34 | 93.5% | 107(< 0.01) | |
| Others | 5.1(2.7–9.5) | 1.34 | 96.8% | 369.3(< 0.01) | |
| Geographic area | Southwest Ethiopia | 8.9(4.5–16.8) | 1.10 | 91.3% | 91.6(< 0.01) |
| Central Ethiopia | 6.5(4.3–9.7) | 1.10 | 95.0% | 477.1(< 0.01) | |
| Eastern Ethiopia | 14.8(7.8–26.5) | 1.10 | 95.3% | 168.9(< 0.01) | |
| Southern Ethiopia | 8.3(3.7–17.8) | 1.10 | 96.2% | 131.6(< 0.01) | |
| Northwest Ethiopia | 18.3(10.2–30.8) | 1.10 | 93.6% | 140.6(< 0.01) | |
| Northern Ethiopia | 15.7(7.2–30.9) | 1.10 | 98.1% | 256.5(< 0.01) | |
| Other | 29.7(11.9–57) | 1.10 | 92.9% | 42.5(< 0.01) | |
| Study area or town /district | Jimma | 8.9(4.5–16.9) | 1.13 | 91.3% | 91.6(< 0.01) |
| Jigjiga areas | 10.2(4.7–20.9) | 1.13 | 95.9% | 147.2(< 0.01) | |
| East shoa towns | 9(4.4–17.5) | 1.13 | 84.0% | 43.7(< 0.01) | |
| South eth areas | 7.1(2.8–16.8) | 1.13 | 97.0% | 131.4(< 0.01) | |
| Gondar | 11.7(5.7–22.3) | 1.13 | 87.6% | 56.4(< 0.01) | |
| Northwest Ethiopia area districts | 41.2(21–64.9) | 1.13 | 97.6% | 165.6(< 0.01) | |
| Addis Ababa | 6.2(3–12.4) | 1.13 | 93.5% | 107(< 0.01) | |
| Other | 11(6.9–17) | 1.13 | 97.0% | 602.1(< 0.01) | |
| years of publication | 2016–2020 | 9.2(6.7–12.6) | 1.45 | 96.6% | 1432.3(< 0.01) |
| 2011–2015 | 15.4(9.2–24.8) | 1.45 | 96.6% | 466.2(< 0.01) | |
| 2006–2010 | 7.8(1.4–33.9) | 1.45 | 95.3% | 21.4(< 0.01) | |
| Actual study year | 2016–2020 | 17.4(11.3–25.9) | 1.39 | 95.5% | 467(< 0.01) |
| 2011–2015 | 8.1(5.7–11.4) | 1.39 | 96.8% | 1294(< 0.01) | |
| 2006–2010 | 7.8(2.8–19.8) | 1.39 | 93.9% | 65.9(< 0.01) | |
| Sample size | ≤ 100 | 22(14–32.8) | 1.13 | 89.7% | 146.3(< 0.01) |
| 101–200 | 11.6(7.6–17.4) | 1.13 | 95.9% | 507.9(< 0.01) | |
| 201–300 | 9.8(5.5–17) | 1.13 | 97.0% | 369.2(< 0.01) | |
| 301–400 | 9.6(4.9–17.8) | 1.13 | 96.7% | 241.2(< 0.01) | |
| >400 | 3(1.5–5.7) | 1.13 | 94.6% | 167(< 0.01) | |
| Sample type | Meat or carcass contact surfaces | 3.8(1.9–7.6) | 1.20 | 90.0% | 90(< 0.01) |
| Meat or carcass | 7.4(4.5–11.8) | 1.20 | 91.9% | 223.5(< 0.01) | |
| Animal feces | 10.9(5.1–22) | 1.20 | 98.7% | 460.4(< 0.01) | |
| Raw milk | 22.8(12–39.1) | 1.20 | 94.8% | 133.6(< 0.01) | |
| RTE food | 36.1(17.4–60.2) | 1.20 | 95.2% | 83(< 0.01) | |
| Food and hand contacting surfaces | 7.5(2.9–18) | 1.20 | 94.5% | 73.3(< 0.01) | |
| Dairy products | 15.3(5.6–35.8) | 1.20 | 92.9% | 42.5(< 0.01) | |
| Drinking water | 1.4(0.2–9.7) | 1.20 | 68.5% | 3.2(< 0.01) | |
| River water | 38.8(11.5–75.6) | 1.20 | 95.7% | 23.4(< 0.01) | |
| Wastewater | 11.5(1.3–56.0) | – | – | 0(< 0.01) | |
| Poultry products & contact surfaces | 12.8(5.63–26.4) | 1.20 | 96.5% | 144.5(< 0.01) |