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. 2021 Aug 13;12:699068. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.699068

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Copyright © 2021 Krupp, Bertsch and Spring.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Chemotropism bioassay. (a) Diagram of bioassay showing the source of the test substance on the filter disc (X) and seeds (arrows) placed at a 2-mm distance. (b) Seeds of O. cumana (arrows) around the filter (X) with their micropyle facing alternately left and right. (c) Early stages of germ tube development: (+) bending toward the substance source; (–) away from it; (0) behaving indifferently. (d) Two examples of late stages of germ tube development: one touching the filter with the tested substance (X), the other growing without orientation above the substrate (arrowhead). Scale bars = 1 mm.