Table 1.
Characteristics of enrolled patients. Moderate disease: hospitalized patients who require supplemental oxygen by mask or nasal prongs. Severe disease: hospitalized patients who require respiratory support by high flow oxygen or mechanical ventilation (non-invasive or invasive).
| Total n = 313 |
Moderate COVID-19 n = 226 |
Severe COVID-19 n = 87 |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 61.12 (12.26) | 60.46 (13.06) | 62.83 (9.73) | 0.083 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 184 (58.78%) | 120 (53.10%) | 64 (73.56%) | 0.001 |
| Female | 129 (41.21%) | 106 (46.90%) | 23 (26.44%) | |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Caucasian | 295 (94.25%) | 211 (93.36%) | 84 (96.55%) | 0.776 |
| Latin | 16 (5.11%) | 13 (5.75%) | 3 (3.45%) | |
| Oriental | 1 (0.32%) | 1 (0.44%) | NA | |
| African | 1 (0.32%) | 1 (0.44%) | NA | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.23 (4.78) | 28.37 (4.91) | 27.87 (4.44) | 0.413 |
| Cigarette smoking | ||||
| Never-smoker | 174 (55.59%) | 130 (57.52%) | 44 (50.57%) | 0.280 |
| Current smoker | 8 (2.56%) | 7 (3.09%) | 1 (1.14%) | |
| Former smoker | 130 (41.53%) | 88 (38.93%) | 42 (48.27%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Pulmonary diseasea | 55 (17.57%) | 43 (19.03%) | 12 (13.79%) | 0.276 |
| Hypertension | 126 (40.26%) | 90 (39.82%) | 36 (41.38%) | 0.801 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 51 (16.29%) | 35 (15.49%) | 16 (18.39%) | 0.533 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 32 (10.22%) | 26 (11.5%) | 6 (6.90%) | 0.228 |
| Admission RALE Score | 3.52 (1.67) | 3.23 (1.58) | 4.27 (1.66) | 0.001 |
| Peak RALE Score | 4.88 (1.97) | 4.26 (1.80) | 6.49 (1.42) | 0.001 |
| Duration of hospitalization, days | 17.15 (18.36) | 9.49 (5.50) | 36.80 (24.31) | 0.001 |
| Laboratory findingsb | ||||
| Lymphocytes, x10^9/L | 0.89 (0.56) | 1.01 (0.57) | 0.60 (0.42) | 0.001 |
| Lactated dehydrogenase, U/L | 585.33 (292.47) | 516.85 (228.93) | 764.29 (359.32) | 0.001 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 116.81 (112.94) | 82.35 (81.53) | 205.53 (133.04) | 0.001 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 1149.58 (1060.68) | 858.5 (752.83) | 1823.24 (1335.94) | 0.001 |
| Fibrinogen, g/L | 19.51 (90.00) | 6.39 (1.58) | 50.66 (162.01) | 0.040 |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 3481.77 (6212.02) | 1662.14 (3084.08) | 8303.8 (9182.01) | 0.001 |
RALE = Radiographic Assessment of Lung Edema.
a
Pulmonary disease: asthma, obstructive sleep apnoea, other.
b
All laboratory findings are peak values except for lymphocytes which is the lowest value. Data are n (%) or mean (SD).