Table 1.
Global and regional type 2 diabetes mellitus burdens attributable to particulate matter pollution in 1990 and 2019.
| APMP | HAP | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deaths, in thousand (95% UI) | DALYs, in thousand (95% UI) | Deaths, in thousand (95% UI) | DALYs, in thousand (95% UI) | |||||
| 1990 | 2019 | 1990 | 2019 | 1990 | 2019 | 1990 | 2019 | |
| Global | 55.82 (37.34 to 78.67) | 196.79 (136.3 to 258.39) | 2330.45 (1463.32 to 3317.95) | 9034 (6135.35 to 12213.37) | 74.8 (48.66 to 120.77) | 95.74 (60.53 to 138.46) | 3126.22 (1983.72 to 5000.79) | 3921.79 (2431.56 to 5851.35) |
| Male | 25.31 (16.47 to 35.94) | 99.35 (69.73 to 131.6) | 1172.26 (735.43 to 1676.67) | 4820.52 (3300.59 to 6542.77) | 34.44 (22.29 to 55.96) | 42.89 (26.14 to 64.22) | 1492.47 (936.51 to 2374.42) | 1815.56 (1048.69 to 2775.46) |
| Female | 30.52 (20.17 to 42.99) | 97.44 (67.66 to 127.6) | 1158.19 (727.1 to 1663.83) | 4213.48 (2842.53 to 5763.9) | 40.37 (26.3 to 65.74) | 52.85 (34.14 to 78.29) | 1633.75 (1028.93 to 2695.88) | 2106.22 (1324.09 to 3162.26) |
| SDI rank | ||||||||
| High SDI | 16.59 (9.84 to 24.39) | 18.45 (11.43 to 27.43) | 656.77 (372.56 to 991.78) | 992.58 (575.98 to 1549.41) | 0.74 (0.38 to 1.23) | 0.15 (0.04 to 0.4) | 30.93 (15.8 to 52.71) | 6.54 (1.64 to 17.74) |
| High-middle SDI | 16.82 (11.45 to 23.08) | 41.09 (29.5 to 53.5) | 722.24 (469.16 to 1027.09) | 2021.31 (1381.3 to 2783.14) | 8.08 (5.09 to 11.9) | 4.31 (1.91 to 7.9) | 399.11 (242.42 to 603.84) | 207.79 (85.42 to 400.62) |
| Middle SDI | 16.21 (10.12 to 23.9) | 86.42 (61.62 to 111.19) | 695.82 (413.83 to 1040.69) | 3848.94 (2652.58 to 5172.93) | 24.92 (16.69 to 35.26) | 25.87 (14.23 to 41.33) | 1093.17 (713.2 to 1583.44) | 1045.8 (556.5 to 1708.18) |
| Low-middle SDI | 4.64 (1.99 to 8.65) | 41.24 (26.58 to 57.84) | 194.27 (82.87 to 362.08) | 1753.19 (1107.32 to 2486.21) | 24.65 (15.81 to 41.8) | 38.83 (24.72 to 56.58) | 1008.03 (623.79 to 1771.22) | 1602.92 (996.63 to 2372.75) |
| Low SDI | 1.52 (0.44 to 3.31) | 9.46 (4.97 to 15.2) | 59.56 (17.54 to 131.94) | 412.2 (220.01 to 660) | 16.34 (9.73 to 32.5) | 26.46 (17.38 to 41.74) | 591.9 (352.69 to 1219.5) | 1053.52 (661.56 to 1651.58) |
| 21 GBD regions | ||||||||
| Andean Latin America | 0.34 (0.15 to 0.61) | 1.99 (1.28 to 2.78) | 12.62 (5.45 to 21.85) | 75.52 (48.02 to 104.5) | 0.49 (0.3 to 0.72) | 0.58 (0.29 to 0.95) | 17.84 (10.79 to 26.05) | 21.04 (10.25 to 35.26) |
| Australasia | 0.14 (0.01 to 0.33) | 0.21 (0.05 to 0.43) | 4.58 (0.42 to 11.14) | 8.67 (1.97 to 18.29) | 0.01 (0 to 0.02) | 0 (0 to 0.01) | 0.27 (0.03 to 0.8) | 0.07 (0.01 to 0.21) |
| Caribbean | 0.79 (0.31 to 1.31) | 1.84 (1.01 to 2.87) | 29.94 (11.67 to 52.06) | 78.18 (42.3 to 121.64) | 1.01 (0.68 to 1.53) | 1.04 (0.65 to 1.58) | 34.73 (23.15 to 53.25) | 43.01 (27.05 to 64.48) |
| Central Asia | 0.43 (0.2 to 0.7) | 2.84 (1.91 to 3.94) | 23.07 (10.17 to 39.89) | 135.91 (88.87 to 191.79) | 0.42 (0.25 to 0.61) | 0.48 (0.23 to 0.89) | 22.45 (12.36 to 33.79) | 23.64 (11.06 to 43.91) |
| Central Europe | 2.55 (1.42 to 3.65) | 4.27 (2.88 to 5.68) | 128.18 (67.59 to 193.6) | 233.55 (149.18 to 327.88) | 1.07 (0.56 to 1.78) | 0.62 (0.22 to 1.3) | 52.87 (27.02 to 87) | 30.87 (10.76 to 66.77) |
| Central Latin America | 4.31 (2.3 to 6.52) | 14.58 (9.94 to 19.66) | 167.88 (89.05 to 258.99) | 592.99 (390.05 to 818) | 2.85 (1.76 to 4.19) | 4.14 (2.38 to 6.53) | 120.89 (75.01 to 176.62) | 168.53 (98.49 to 267.34) |
| Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.22 (0.06 to 0.52) | 1.12 (0.56 to 1.88) | 7.97 (2.22 to 18.54) | 46.53 (23.58 to 79.33) | 2 (1.22 to 3.62) | 3.02 (1.88 to 4.57) | 73.29 (44.41 to 133.95) | 130.44 (82.59 to 200.34) |
| East Asia | 5.49 (2.52 to 9.67) | 34.12 (24.08 to 45.27) | 315.4 (139.27 to 568.82) | 1901.69 (1262.78 to 2611.41) | 12.01 (7.6 to 17.68) | 8.51 (4.4 to 14.46) | 707.75 (432.08 to 1064.29) | 465.42 (229.18 to 812.93) |
| Eastern Europe | 1.59 (0.77 to 2.51) | 2.23 (1.16 to 3.43) | 109.89 (50.43 to 182.83) | 133.41 (67.24 to 211.98) | 0.26 (0.11 to 0.48) | 0.09 (0.03 to 0.24) | 17.06 (7.35 to 32.13) | 5.86 (1.72 to 14.73) |
| Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.39 (0.11 to 0.93) | 1.93 (0.95 to 3.37) | 12.57 (3.63 to 29.8) | 67.72 (33.65 to 119.14) | 7.52 (4.54 to 15.25) | 10.71 (7.01 to 16.56) | 244.64 (144.6 to 507.3) | 374.22 (245.13 to 581.85) |
| High-income Asia Pacific | 2.05 (0.85 to 3.27) | 3.67 (2.38 to 4.89) | 104.85 (39.88 to 171.97) | 221.1 (134.85 to 325.09) | 0.06 (0.02 to 0.13) | 0 (0 to 0.01) | 2.64 (0.85 to 6.42) | 0.35 (0.07 to 1.07) |
| High-income North America | 5.49 (2 to 9.61) | 4.62 (2.09 to 8.23) | 230.63 (80.38 to 409.75) | 253.13 (109.32 to 454.46) | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.07) | 0.01 (0 to 0.05) | 1.05 (0.28 to 2.76) | 0.78 (0.13 to 2.54) |
| North Africa and Middle East | 5.54 (3.85 to 7.4) | 19.94 (14.36 to 25.7) | 213.9 (146.41 to 285.15) | 996.41 (710.33 to 1340.57) | 2.67 (1.57 to 4.31) | 1.42 (0.82 to 2.32) | 107.56 (63.61 to 175.32) | 76.57 (45.17 to 119.77) |
| Oceania | 0.05 (0.01 to 0.13) | 0.29 (0.08 to 0.66) | 1.67 (0.45 to 4.61) | 10.31 (3.03 to 23.78) | 0.5 (0.33 to 0.8) | 1.32 (0.84 to 1.94) | 18.27 (11.92 to 29.5) | 51.61 (33.28 to 75.12) |
| South Asia | 5.36 (2.11 to 10.05) | 51.45 (34.36 to 69.97) | 245.22 (103.79 to 462.96) | 2303.3 (1523.07 to 3186.33) | 20.06 (12.34 to 35.2) | 31.32 (19.3 to 47.82) | 881.9 (527.56 to 1575.57) | 1370.13 (811.06 to 2136.39) |
| Southeast Asia | 4.46 (2.1 to 7.73) | 23.63 (15.3 to 33.24) | 165.22 (76.74 to 291.64) | 899.57 (574.77 to 1290.99) | 13.77 (9.11 to 19.95) | 19.55 (11.83 to 28.79) | 484.86 (318.51 to 711.98) | 713.05 (424.91 to 1058.46) |
| Southern Latin America | 0.91 (0.33 to 1.61) | 1.92 (1.22 to 2.72) | 29.83 (11.37 to 52.81) | 78.25 (48.4 to 114.8) | 0.36 (0.19 to 0.61) | 0.11 (0.04 to 0.25) | 12.1 (6.01 to 20.77) | 4.5 (1.52 to 10.29) |
| Southern Sub-Saharan Africa |
1.1 (0.73 to 1.53) | 5.09 (3.52 to 6.7) | 34.91 (22.56 to 48.39) | 158.12 (107.2 to 210.6) | 1.27 (0.86 to 1.81) | 1.92 (1.15 to 2.89) | 41.86 (27.81 to 58.77) | 60.69 (36.13 to 90.99) |
| Tropical Latin America | 1.76 (0.73 to 3.12) | 5.68 (3.44 to 8.64) | 71.9 (30.23 to 126.73) | 221.76 (128.22 to 339.74) | 2.67 (1.7 to 3.82) | 2.08 (1 to 3.65) | 100.92 (64.01 to 143.93) | 73.14 (33.26 to 132.33) |
| Western Europe | 12.02 (5.92 to 18.47) | 10.05 (6.13 to 14.82) | 393.49 (185.96 to 625.14) | 441.35 (250.96 to 688.76) | 0.31 (0.12 to 0.66) | 0.05 (0.01 to 0.14) | 9.98 (3.78 to 22.09) | 2.15 (0.56 to 5.82) |
| Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.86 (0.31 to 1.73) | 5.33 (3.04 to 8.26) | 26.75 (9.58 to 54.91) | 176.54 (99.53 to 277.04) | 5.47 (3.14 to 10.87) | 8.76 (5.39 to 13.81) | 173.3 (101.11 to 341.9) | 305.71 (184.88 to 488.72) |
DALY, disability-adjusted life-year; APMP, ambient particulate matter pollution; HAP, household air pollution from solid fuels; GBD, global burden of disease; SDI, socio-demographic index; UI, uncertainty interval.