Table 3.
Suspected, Tested, and Confirmed Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis Meningitis Cases by Outbreak With Method of Laboratory Confirmation
| Confirmed and Potential Outbreaks | Suspected | Tested | Laboratory-Confirmed | S. pneumoniae Cases | N. meningitidis Cases | Predominant S. pneumoniae Serotype | Laboratory Technique (No. of Cases) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Central African Republic, Paoua 2016–2017 | 251 | 110 (44%) | 65 (59%) | 60 (92%) | 1 (2%) | ST 1 6/10 (60%) | Latex agglutination (110); PCR (10) |
| 2. Ghana, Central 2015–2016a | 966 | 615 (64%) | 208 (34%) | 168 (81%) | 40 (19%) | ST 1 38/49 (78%) | Gram stain 48/615 (8%); PCR 567/615 (92%); whole genome sequencing (9) |
| 3. Ghana, Northern 2015–2017 | 1614 | 796 (49%) | 409 (51%) | 153 (37%) | 236 (58%) | ST 1 85/137 (62%) | Gram stain + cultureb (12); latex agglutination (769); PCR (249) |
| 4. Burkina Faso, Pama 2011 | 90 | NA | 16 | 10 (63%) | 4 (25%) | 7 serotyped, no predominant ST (3 NT, 1 ST1, 1 ST12F/12A/12B/44/46, 1 ST 18C/18F/18B/18A)0 | PCR, culture, or latex agglutination |
| 5. Burkina Faso, Karangasso Vigue 2011 | 71 | NA | 42 | 34 (81%) | NA | ST 1 8/8 (100%) | PCR, culture, or latex agglutination |
| 6. Burkina Faso, Solenzo 2009 | 307 | NA | 43 | 39 (91%) | 4 (9%) | NA | NA |
| 7. Chad, Goundi 2009 | 191 | NA | 110 | 66 (60%) | 29 (26%) | NA | NA |
| 8. Burkina Faso, Bobo-Dioulasso 2002–2004 | 1733 | 1686 (97%) | 571 (34%) | 249 (44%) | 210 (37%) | ST 1 21/48 (44%) | Gram stain, culture 85/249 (34%)c; latex agglutination 193/249 (78%); PCR 182/249 (73%); multilocus sequence typing (3) |
| 9. Ghana, Kassena-Nankana District 2001–2003 | NA | NA | 221 | 99 (45%) | 122 (55%) | ST 1 58/76 (76%) | Gram stain culture/latex agglutination (221)d; Serotype Quellung (76) |
| 10. Chad, Goundi 2001 | 595 | 388 (65%)e | 185 (48%) | 150 (81%) | 29 (16%) | NA | Gram stain (388); latex agglutination (6)f |
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; ST, serotype.
aData are combined from Cooper et al [17] and Kwambana-Adams et al [18]. Case numbers from Cooper et al [17] , serotype from Kwambana-Adams et al [18] (Cooper et al [17] reports 45% ST1).
bCompleted but not used in case classification. Number of each test used is unclear in the published article [29].
cTesting method only reported for positive cases.
dProportion of culture and latex agglutination not reported, article states all confirmed cases identified by 1 of the 2.
eTesting stopped mid outbreak due to high case numbers.
fLatex agglutination identified predominantly N. meningitidis serotype A cases, article states “a limited number of tests were used”.