Table 4.
Transmission blocking activity of Artemisinin (ART) and NeemAzal® (NA) single and combination treatment in the 2TB-DFA.
| Treatment mg/kg, (hrs before mosquito feeding) | Replicate | Oocyst density by replicate a [CI95%] | Prevalence of infection [infected/total examined] | Oocyst density by treatment a [CI95%] | % reduction of oocyst density by treatment [CI95%] | Prevalence of infection by treatment [CI95%] | % reduction of prevalence by treatment [CI95%] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experiment 1 | ART 35 | 1 | 178.0 [149.2-206.7] | 100 [30/30] | 119.5 | 41.5 | 96.7 | |
| mg/kg | 2 | 121.3 [90.2-152.4] | 100 [30/30] | [92.0-147.0] | [14.3-69.0] | [69.2-124.2] | 0 | |
| (10) | 3 | 59.1 [36.6-81.7] | 90.0 [27/30] | |||||
| NA 40 | 1 | 48.5 [28.2-68.9] | 83.3 [25/30] | 38.1 | 86.3 | 74.4 | 20.3 | |
| mg/kg | 2 | 26.1[9.4-42.8] | 86.7 [26/30] | [14.4-41.4] | [72.8-99.8] | [60.9-87.9] | [0-43.2] | |
| (1) | 3 | 9.2 [5.7-12.6] | 53.3 [16/30] | |||||
| ART 35 | 1 | 12.4 [6.5-18.3] | 43.3 [13/30] | 11.7 | 94.3 | 37.7 | 59.6 | |
| (10) + | 2 | 13.9 [10.4-17.3] | 33.3 [10/30] | [7.8-15.7] | [90.3-98.2] | [33.9-41.7] | [53.4-66.1] | |
| NA 40 (1) | 3 | 8.9 [6.5-11.4] | 36.7 [11/30] | |||||
| Solvent | 1 | 185.2 [150.4-220.0] | 93.3 [28/30] | 204.3 | 93.3 | |||
| control b | 2 | 197.8 [158.5-237.2] | 86.7 [26/30] | [171.0-237.6] | - | [60.0-126.6] | - | |
| (10) | 3 | 229.9 [204.1-255.6] | 100 [30/30] | |||||
| Experiment 2 | ART 25 | 1 | 33.8 [4.3-47.8] | 90.0 [27/30] | 38.1 | 69.6 | 92.2 | 7.8 |
| mg/kg | 2 | 28.9 [12.9-44.9] | 90.0 [27/30] | [16.6-65.9] | [48.2-91.1] | [70.8-113.7] | [7.2-11.4] | |
| (10) | 3 | 51.6 [34.1-61.0] | 93.3 [28/30] | |||||
| NA 35 | 1 | 24.8 [10.7-43.2] | 76.7 [23/30] | 42.6 | 66.0 | 82.2 | 17.8 | |
| mg/kg | 2 | 28.4 [8.8-57.8] | 86.7 [26/30] | [9.4-64.4] | [45.8-86.2] | [62.0-102.4] | [12.3-22.8] | |
| (10) | 3 | 74.7 [47.9-92.2] | 83.3 [25/30] | |||||
| ART 25 | 1 | 6.9 [3.0-11.9] | 73.3 [22/30] | 5.8 | 95.4 | 66.4 | 33.6 | |
| (10) + | 2 | 6.5 [3.6-9.5] | 73.3 [22/30] | [3.4-10.2] | [92.1-98.7] | [63.3-69.9] | [21.1-47.3] | |
| NA 35 (1) | 3 | 4.0 [0.8-9.1] | 53.3 [16/30] | |||||
| Solvent | 1 | 109.4 [78.5-140.2] | 100 [30/30] | 125.4 | 100 | |||
| Control b | 2 | 123.6 [93.6-153.7] | 100 [30/30] | [94.5-156.3] | - | [69.1-130.9] | - | |
| (10) | 3 | 143.3 [111.5-175.1] | 100 [30/30] |
a Oocyst densities (geometric mean oocysts/ midgut) were considered only on oocyst positive mosquitoes. b Solvent control: mice treated with PBS (pH 6.5) containing 5% ethanol, 10% DMSO and 7.5% Tween80.