Table 6.
Total, indirect, and direct effects of stress protection factors in this study, and 95% bootstrap confidence intervals (CI).
| Predictive variable | Criterion variable | Total effect | CI (95%) | Direct effect | CI (95%) | Indirect effect | CI (95%) | Results, effects | CI (95%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CONSC–> | Positivity | 0.376 | [0.32, 0.43] | 0.376 | [0.32, 0.43] | 0.00 | [−0.03, 0.04] | Direct only | [0.32, 0.43] |
| CONSC—> | Deep Appr | 0.440 | [0.48, 0.39] | 0.190 | [0.16, 0.23] | 0.248 | [0.20, 0.28] | Partial mediat | [0.20, 0.28] |
| CONSC–> | Self-Regul | 0.621 | [0.59, 0.72] | 0.438 | [0.41, 0.56] | 0.183 | [0.11, 0.25] | Partial mediat | [0.11, 0.25] |
| CONSC–> | Problem coping | 0.348 | [0.29, 0.40] | 0.110 | [0.06, 0.16] | 0.238 | [0.18, 0.29] | Partial mediat | [0.18, 0.29] |
| CONSC–> | Resilience | 0.444 | [0.41, 0.48] | 0.090 | [0.02, 0.14] | 0.354 | [0.29, 0.39] | Full mediation | [0.39, 0.29] |
| CONSC–> | Posit. emot | 0.551 | [0.50, 0.61] | 0.247 | [0.16, 0.32] | 0.304 | [0.20, 0.40] | Partial mediat | [0.20, 0.40] |
| CONSC–> | Acad. confid | 0.513 | [0.62, 0.40] | 0.180 | [0.12, 0.23] | 0.333 | [0.29, 0.39] | Partial mediat | [0.29, 0.39] |
| CONSC–> | Engagement | 0.511 | [0.39, 0.62] | 0.458 | [0.34, 0.56] | 0.053 | [0.01, 0.09] | Direct only | [0.34, 0.56] |
| CONSC–> | Regul. Teach | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Non-effect | ||||
| CONSC–> | Stress Teach | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Non-effect | ||||
| CONSC–> | Stress Learn | −0.083 | [−0.02, 13] | 0.00 | [−0.04, 0.07] | −0.083 | [−0.02, 13] | Full mediation | [−0.02, 13] |
| CONSC–> | Stress Sympt | −0.211 | [−0.17, −0.24] | 0.00 | [−0.05, 0.08] | −0.211 | [−0.17, −0.24] | Full mediation | [−0.17, −0.24] |
| Positivity–> | Deep Appr | 0.084 | [0.02, 15] | 0.00 | [−0.03, 05] | 0.084 | [0.02, 15] | Partial mediat | [0.02, 15] |
| Positivity–> | Self-Regul | 0.041 | [0.01, 0.09] | 0.00 | [−0.01, 04] | 0.041 | [0.01, 0.09] | Partial mediat | [0.01, 0.09] |
| Positivity–> | Probl. coping | 0.053 | [−0.03, 0.11] | 0.00 | [−0.03, 07] | 0.053 | [−0.03, 0.011] | Partial mediat | [−0.03, 0.011] |
| Positivity–> | Resilience | 0.061 | [0.01, 0.11] | 0.00 | [−0.04, 09] | 0.061 | [0.01, 0.11] | Partial mediat | [0.01, 0.11] |
| Positivity–> | Posit. emot | 0.177 | [0.10, 0.26] | 0.177 | [0.10, 0.26] | 0.00 | [−0.04, 0.06] | Direct only | [0.10, 0.26] |
| Positivity-> | Acad. confi | 0.089 | [0.01, 14] | 0.00 | [−0.03, 0.05] | 0.089 | [0.01, 14] | Only indirect | [0.01, 14] |
| Positivity-> | Engagement | 0.023 | [−0.02, 06] | 0.00 | [−0.06, 0.07] | 0.023 | [−0.02, 06] | Only indirect | [−0.02, 06] |
| Positivity-> | Regul teach | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Non-effect | ||||
| Positivity-> | Stress Teach | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Non-effect | ||||
| Positivity-> | Stress Learn | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Non-effect | ||||
| Positivity-> | Stress Sympt | −0.117 | [−0.19, −0.05] | 0.00 | [−0.04, 0.07] | −0.117 | [−0.19, −0.05] | Only indirect | [−0.19, −0.05] |
| Deep Learning–> | Self-Regul. | 0.001 | 0.00 | 0.001 | [−0.010, −0.005] | Only indirect | [−0.010, −0.005] | ||
| Deep Learning–> | Probl. coping | 0.053 | [−0.07, −0.03] | 0.00 | [−0.03, 0.05] | 0.053 | [−0.07, −0.03] | Only indirect | [−0.07, −0.03] |
| Deep Learning–> | Resilience | 0.001 | [−0.09, −0.003] | 0.00 | [−0.06, 0.09] | 0.001 | [−0.09, −0.003] | Only indirect | [−0.09, −0.003] |
| Deep Learning–> | Posit. emot | 0.005 | [0.23, 0.78] | 0.00 | [−0.04, 0.07] | 0.005 | [0.001, 0.008] | Only direct | [0.23, 0.78] |
| Deep Learning—> | Acad. confi | 0.113 | [0.08, 0.14] | 0.111 | [0.08, 0.14] | 0.002 | [0.001, 0.007] | Only indirect | [0.08, 0.14] |
| Deep Learning–> | Engagement | 0.012 | [0.06, 0.015] | 0.00 | [−0.03, 0.05] | 0.012 | [0.06, 0.015] | Only indirect | [0.06, 0.015] |
| Deep Learning–> | Regul teach | Non-effect | |||||||
| Deep Learning–> | Stress Teach | Non-effect | |||||||
| Deep Learning–> | Stress Learn | −0.017 | [−0.012, −0.026] | 0.00 | [−0.04, 0.07] | −0.017 | [−0.012, −0.026] | Only indirect | [−0.012, −0.026 |
| Deep Learning–> | Stress Sympt | Non-effects | |||||||
| Self-regulation–> | Probl coping | 0.002 | [−0.001, 0.006] | 0.00 | [−0.06, 0.04] | 0.002 | [−0.001, 0.006] | Only indirect | [−0.001, 0.006] |
| Self-regulation–> | Resilience | 0.188 | [0.154, 0.213] | 0.186 | [0.154, 0.213] | 0.002 | [−0.001, 0.005] | Only direct | [0.154, 0.213] |
| Self-regulation–> | Posit. emot | 0.228 | [0.110, 0.267] | 0.219 | [0.111, 0.258] | 0.009 | [0.001, 0.018] | Only direct | [0.111, 0.258] |
| Self-regulation–> | Acad. confi | 0.180 | [0.201, 0.165] | 0.177 | [0.182, 163] | 0.003 | [−0.001, 0.004] | Only direct | [0.182, 163] |
| Self-regulation–> | Engagement | 0.019 | [0.09, 0.26] | 0.00 | [−0.05, 0.08] | 0.019 | [0.09, 0.26] | Full mediation | [0.09, 0.26] |
| Self-regulation–> | Regul teach | Non-effect | |||||||
| Self-regulation–> | Stress Teach | −0.159 | [−0.087, −0.23] | 0.00 | [−0.05, 0.08] | −0.159 | [−0.087, −0.23] | Full mediation | [−0.087, −0.23] |
| Self-regulation–> | Stress Learn | −0.173 | [−0.08, −0.24] | −0.173 | [−0.08, −0.24] | 0.00 | Only direct | ||
| Self-regulation–> | Stress Sympt | −0.288 | [−0.145, −0.316] | −0.167 | [−0.134, −0.186] | −0.119 | [−0.090, −0.134] | Partial mediat | [−0.090, −0.134] |
| Problem coping–> | Resilience | Non-effect | |||||||
| Problem coping–> | Posit. emot | 0.280 | [0.127, 0.348] | 0.280 | [0.127, 0.348] | 0.00 | [−0.03, 08] | Only direct | [0.127, 0.348] |
| Problem coping–> | Acad. confi | 0.014 | [0.03, 0.031] | 0.00 | [−0.06, 0.09] | 0.014 | [0.03, 0.031] | Full mediation | [−0.06, 0.036 |
| Problem coping–> | Engagement | Non-effect | |||||||
| Problem coping–> | Regul teach | Non-effect | |||||||
| Problem coping–> | Stress Teach | Non-effect | |||||||
| Problem coping–> | Stress Learn | 0.069 | [0.043, 0.075] | 0.069 | [0.043, 0.075] | 0.00 | [−0.04, 0.09] | Direct only | [0.043, 0.075] |
| Problem coping–> | Stress Sympt | 0.037 | [0.021, 0.048] | 0.00 | [−0.06, 0.07] | 0.037 | [0.021, 0.48] | Partial mediat | [0.021, 0.48] |
| Resilience–> | Posit. emot | 0.161 | [0.132, 0.184] | 0.118 | [0.07, 0.28] | 0.043 | [0.018, 0.056] | Partial mediat | [0.018, 0.056] |
| Resilience–> | Acad. confi | 0.008 | [0.003, 0.010] | 0.00 | [−0.07, 0.08] | 0.008 | [0.003, 0.010] | Full mediation | [0.003, 0.010] |
| Resilience–> | Engagement | Non-effect | |||||||
| Resilience–> | Regul teach | Non-effect | |||||||
| Resilience–> | Stress Teach | −0.140 | [−0.11, −0.23] | 0.00 | [−0.033, 0.04] | −0.140 | [−0.124, −0.231] | Full mediation | [−0.124, −0.231] |
| Resilience–> | Stress Learn | Non-effect | |||||||
| Resilience–> | Stress Sympt | −0.141 | [−0.10, −0.24] | −0.141 | [−0.10, −0.24] | 0.00 | [−0.04, 0.06] | Direct only | [−0.10, −0.24] |
| Posit. emot–> | Deep Appr | 0.450 | [0.65, 23] | 0.450 | [0.65, 23] | 0.00 | [−0.06, 0.10] | Direct only | [0.65, 23] |
| Posit. emot–> | Acad. confi | 0.228 | [0.12, 0.39] | 0.228 | [0.12, 0.39] | 0.093 | [0.01, 0.016] | Partial mediat | [0.12, 0.39] |
| Posit. emot–> | Engagement | 0.033 | [0.01, 0.05] | 0.00 | [−0.04, 0.06] | 0.033 | [−0.01, 0.06] | Full mediation | [0.01, 0.05] |
| Posit. emot–> | Regul teach | Non-effect | |||||||
| Posit. emot–> | Stress Teach | Non-effect | |||||||
| Posit. emot–> | Stress Learn | −0.175 | [−0.078, −0.213] | −0.175 | [−0.078, −0.213] | −0.019 | [−0.007, −0.034] | Partial mediat | [−0.007, −0.034] |
| Posit. emot—> | Stress Sympt | −0.070 | [−0.050, −0.096] | 0.00 | [−0.04, 0.07] | −0.070 | [−0.050, −0.096] | Only indirect | [−0.050, −0.096] |
| Academic conf—> | Self–Regul | 0.132 | [0.007, 0.221] | 0.121 | [0.10, 0.21] | 0.011 | [−0.003, 0.022 | Only directr | [0.10, 0.21 |
| Academic conf—> | Engagement | 0.106 | [0.095, 0.122] | 0.104 | [0.095, 0.125] | 0.002 | [−0.001, 0.003] | Partial mediat | [−0.001, 0.003] |
| Academic conf—> | Regul teach | Non-effect | |||||||
| Academic conf—> | Stress Teach | Non-effect | |||||||
| Academic conf—> | Stress Learn | −0.001 | [−0.03, −0.005] | 0.00 | [−0.003, 0.006] | −0.001 | [−0.03, −0.005] | Full mediation | [−0.03, −0.005] |
| Academic conf—> | Stress Sympt | −0.003 | [−0.07, −0.004] | 0.00 | [−0.05, 0.07] | −0.003 | [−0.07, −0.004] | Full mediation | [−0.07, −0.004] |
| Engagement—> | Deep Appr | 0.213 | [0.198, 0.314] | 0.00 | [−0.03, 0.08] | 0.213 | [0.198, 0.314] | Full mediation | [0.198, 0.314] |
| Engagement—> | Self–Reg | 0.103 | [0.086, 0.121] | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.04] | 0.103 | [0.086, 0.121] | Full mediation | [0.086, 0.121] |
| Engagement—> | Probl.coping | 0.132 | [0.084, 0.142] | 0.00 | [−0.09, 0.07] | 0.132 | [0.084, 0.142] | Full mediation | [0.084, 0.142] |
| Engagement—> | Resilience | 0.075 | [0.053, 0.092] | 0.00 | [−0.04, 0.03] | 0.075 | [0.053, 0.092] | Full mediation | [0.053, 0.092] |
| Engagement—> | Posit. emot | 0.465 | [0.33, 0.57] | 0.465 | [0.33, 0.57] | 0.007 | [−0.002, 0.015] | Direct only | [0.33, 0.57] |
| Engagement—> | Acad. confi | 0.149 | [0.087, 0.235] | 0.00 | [−0.01, 0.05] | 0.149 | [0.087, 0.235] | Full mediation | [0.087, 0.235] |
| Engagement—> | Regul teach | Non-effect | |||||||
| Engagement—> | Stress Teach | Non-effect | |||||||
| Engagement—> | Stress Learn | −0.009 | [−0.012, −0.003] | 0.00 | [−0.004, 0.007] | −0.009 | [−0.012, −0.003] | Full mediation | [−0.012, −0.003] |
| Engagement—> | Stress Symt | −0.032 | [−0.041, −0.018] | 0.00 | [−0.03, 0.07] | −0.032 | [−0.041, −0.018] | Full mediation | [−0.041, −0.018] |
| Regul. Teach—> | Positivity | 0.110 | [0.08, 0.13] | 0.110 | [0.08, 0.13] | 0.00 | [−0.04, 0.05] | Direct only | [0.08, 0.13] |
| Regul. Teach—> | Deep Learn | Non-effect | |||||||
| Regul. Teach—> | Self–Reg | 0.078 | [0.031, 0.093] | 0.00 | [−0.02, 0.06] | 0.078 | [0.031, 0.093] | Full mediation | [0.031, 0.093] |
| Regul. Teach—> | Prob.coping | 0.101 | [0.087, 0.145] | 0.00 | [−0.04, 0.07] | 0.101 | [0.087., 0.145] | Full mediation | [0.087., 0.145] |
| Regul. Teach—> | Resilience | 0.097 | [0.05, 0.123] | 0.00 | [−0.03, 0.07] | 0.097 | [0.05, 0.123] | Full mediation | [05, 0.123] |
| Regul. Teach—> | Posit. emot | 0.271 | [0.210, 0.321] | 0.134 | [0.084, 0.238] | 0.139 | [0.075, 0.216] | Partial mediat | [0.075, 0.216] |
| Regul. Teach—> | Acad. confi | 0.172 | [0.113, 0.195] | 0.068 | [0.032, 0.89] | 0.104 | [0.87, 0.135] | Partial mediat | [0.87, 0.135] |
| Regul. Teach—> | Engagement | 0.225 | [0.118, 0.236] | 0.207 | [0.196, 0.236] | 0.018 | [0.07, 0.26] | Partial mediat | [0.07, 0.26] |
| Regul. Teach—> | Stress Teach | −0.115 | [−0.131, −0.108] | −0.115 | [−0.131, −0.108] | 0.00 | [−0.02, 0.08] | Direct only | [−0.131, −0.108 |
| Regul. Teach—> | Stress Learn | −0.074 | [−0.043, 0.094] | 0.00 | [−0.06, 05] | −0.074 | [−0.043, 0.094] | Full mediation | [−0.043, 0.094] |
| Regul. Teach—> | Stress Sympt | −0.066 | [−0.090, −0.01] | 0.00 | [−0.02, 0.05] | −0.066 | [−0.090, −0.01] | Full mediation | [−0.090, −0.01] |
| Stress Teach—> | Positivity | Non-effect | |||||||
| Stress Teach—> | Deep Learn | −0.058 | [−0.08, 0.02] | 0.00 | [−0.05, 0.03] | −0.058 | [−0.08, 0.02] | Full mediation | [−0.08, 0.02] |
| Stress Teach—> | Self–Reg | −0.028 | [−0.07, 0.03] | 0.00 | [0.−04, 0.08] | −0.028 | [−0.07, 0.03] | Full mediation | [−0.07, 0.03] |
| Stress Teach—> | Prob. coping | −0.036 | [−0.24, 0.67] | 0.00 | [−0.03, 08] | −0.036 | [−0.24, 0.67] | Full mediation | |
| Stress Teach—> | Resilience | −0.020 | [−0.034, −0.08] | 0.00 | [−0.03, 0.12] | −0.020 | [−0.034, −0.08] | Full mediation | [−0.034, −0.08] |
| Stress Teach—> | Posit. emot | −0.127 | [−0.132, −0.111] | −0.127 | [−0.132, −0.111] | 0.00 | [−0.03, 0.08] | Direct only | [−0.132, −0.111] |
| Stress Teach—> | Acad. confi | −0.041 | [−0.021, 0.054] | 0.00 | [−0.06, 0.07] | −0.041 | [−0.021, 0.054] | Full mediation | [−0.021, 0.054] |
| Stress Teach—> | Engagement | −0.004 | [−0.007, 0.003] | 0.00 | [−0.08, 0.06] | −0.004 | [−0.007, 0.003] | Full mediation | [−0.007, 0.003] |
| Stress Teach—> | Stress Learn | 0.561 | [0.438, 0.649] | 0.589 | [0.438, 0.749] | 0.002 | [−0.003, 0.005] | Direct only | [0.438, 0.649] |
| Stress Teach—> | Stress Sympt | 0.323 | [0.225, 0.426] | 0.00 | [−0.002, 0.012] | 0.323 | [0.225, 0.426] | Full mediation | [0.225, 0.426] |
| Stress Learn—> | Stress Teach | 0.529 | [0.423, 0.721] | 0.00 | [−0.05, 0.10] | 0.529 | [0.423, 0.721] | Full mediation | [0.423, 0.721] |
| Stress Learn—> | Stress Sympt | 0.534 | [0.213, 0.678] | 0.534 | [0.213, 0.678] | 0.00 | [−0.021, 0.045] | Direct only | [0.213, 0.678] |
Bootstrapping sample size = 564. Model 2 (teaching and learning factors).
CONSC, conscientiousness; deep learning, deep approach; Acad. confi, academic behavioral confidence; Self-Reg, self-regulation; Prob. coping, problem-focused coping; Posit. emot, positive achievement emotions; Regul. Teach, regulatory teaching; Stress Teach, stress factors of teaching process; Stress Learn, stress factors of learning process; Stress Sympt, symptoms of stress; CI, confidence interval. Bootstrapping sample size = 430.