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. 2021 Aug 13;9:661935. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661935

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Copyright © 2021 Luong and Olson.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Exosomes from TMEV-infected microglia activate bystander astrocytes. Exosomes were isolated from uninfected (naïve) microglia or TMEV-infected microglia and placed on naive astrocytes for 24 h. Astrocytes were lysed, RNA isolated, converted to cDNA, and analyzed by real time PCR for expression of TMEV (A), IFNα (B), IFNβ (C), IL-6 (D), IL-12 (E), TNFα (F), and CCL2 (G). Significant difference was determined by the one way ANOVA and Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test (*p < 0.001) based on unstimulated microglia. These are representative graphs from one experiment of four independent repeated experiments.