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. 2021 Aug 13;9:661935. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661935

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Copyright © 2021 Luong and Olson.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bystander microglia are activated by viral RNA in exosomes from TMEV-infected microglia via innate immune receptors. Microglia were transfected with siRNA for MyD88, TICAM-1, MAVS, or control (6 h). Exosomes were isolated from TMEV-infected microglia and placed on the transfected microglia for 24 h. Microglia were lysed, RNA isolated, converted to cDNA, and analyzed by real time PCR for expression of IFNα (A), IFNβ (B), IL-6 (C), and TNFα (D). Significant difference was determined by the one way ANOVA and Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test (*p < 0.001) based on control siRNA transfected microglia. These are representative graphs from one experiment of three independent repeated experiments.