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. 2021 Aug 16;9:622099. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.622099

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Copyright © 2021 Van Eps, Fernandez-Moure, Cabrera, Taraballi, Paradiso, Minardi, Wang, Aghdasi, Tasciotti and Weiner.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Histology. Representative specimens were evaluated for cellularity and mineralized tissue using three different stains. Cellularization of the remodelled scaffold with osteoblasts/clasts was signalled by pronounced hematoxylin staining of the treated scaffold on H and E stain to variable degrees according to treatment group (A, D, G). Mineralized osteoid within the scaffold showed itself as “peppering” similar to native bone on Von Kossa-MacNeal’s Tetrachrome stain (B, E, H) and similar jade green appearance to native bone on Goldner’s Trichrome stain (C, F, I). Group 1 (A–C) displayed significant osteoblast recruitment and mineralized osteoid production, but not as much as PRP-treated Group 2 (D–F). A native control vertebral body-transverse process junction is shown (G–I) for reference.