Table 3.
Article elements
| Author/year | Sample/targeted population | Purpose | Intervention | Design/control | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alexis et al. (2019) [19] | N = 49 Faculty and Staff/Psych department faculty and staff | Raise awareness of race privilege | On-line training (reading essay, survey, open- ended questions) | Qualitative descriptive analysis/none | New insights (attitudes and behaviors that sustain racism) |
| Garneau et al. (2017) [3] | NA/nurses, nursing education/practice | Combat healthcare racism and discrimination | Critical anti-discriminatory pedagogy (CADP) | Theoretical discussion/none | None |
| Booker (2015) [22] | NA/Nurses and “other providers” | Improve pain management in Black Americans | “ASKED MYSELF” mnemonic | Commentary/none | None |
| Burgess et al. (2017) [33] | NA/Healthcare providers | Strategies to reduce provider ethnic and racial bias | Mindfulness and loving kindness meditation | Literature review/none | None |
| Burgess et al. (2019) [17] | N = 280/VHA providers | Motivating providers to address racial disparities | Surveys (provider identification with success or bias narratives) | Quantitative survey/yes | Identification with success narrative led to greater participation in disparities training |
| Crawford (2020) [34] | NA/Family physicians, APNs, RNs, other healthcare professionals | Explore biases which can affect practice decisions and actions | Integration of implicit bias training into health professional education | Training guide/none | Self awareness, understand how bias affects healthcare |
| FitzGerald et al. (2019) [35] | 30 articles/adult professionals (including healthcare personnel) | Effect of interventions to reduce bias measured by IAT | Effective implicit bias interventions | Systematic review/none | 8 categories; systematic evaluation of interventions; most useful was exposure to counterstereotypical exemplars |
| Hansen et al. (2018) [21] | NA/psychiatry residents | Understanding structural barriers to and impact on mental health | Structural competency training | Opinion/none | Understand structural nature of social determinants and effect on biology |
| Nelson et al. (2015) [18] | N = 19/Health Care Providers | Improving provider attitudes and confidence in caring for families of colour | Race/racism training module effectiveness | Quantitative/none | Provider awareness of race and racism |
| Perdomo et al. (2019) [2] | N = 66 (average), 463 total/Faculty, physician residents, fellows, attendings, and students | Curriculum identifying individual racial bias based on structural, historical racism; impact on health outcomes and how to mitigate the effects | Health equity rounds (HER); longitudinal case-based curriculum | Mixed methods/none | Awareness and self-reported skills |
| Sherman et al. (2019) [20] | N = 31/family physician residents and faculty | Provide insight regarding the impact of bias and racism on care; provider empowerment | Training workshops that address race and racism; focus groups | Mixed methods/none | Awareness and knowledge |